Abstract: The cause and discrimination standard of water eutrophication are introduced in this work. Furthermore, the main microorganisms involved in nitrogen and phosphorus removal during eutrophic water bioremediation are listed. This paper also analyzes the function of different microorganisms in water bioremediation of substance cycle. Substance cycle here includes carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle. It reveals the function of microorganisms in water bioremediation. Finally, advances in microbial remediation of water and microbial preparation are briefly summarized. Some concluding comments are stated for future research on the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.