Abstract: Agricultural digitalization is an inevitable choice for the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and an important driving force to promote the resilience of agricultural economy. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Xizang Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) in China from 2012 to 2022, a comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural digitalization and agricultural economic resilience was constructed, and the development level of both was estimated by using the entropy method. On this basis, the bidirectional fixed effect model, the adjustment effect model and the threshold effect model were constructed to empirically test the influence mechanism of agricultural digitalization on agricultural economic resilience. The results show that, first, agricultural digital transformation can promote the improvement of agricultural economic resilience, and the promotion of agricultural digitalization in major grain-producing areas is more significant than that in non-major grain-producing areas, and the promotion of agricultural digitalization in eastern regions is more significant than that in central and western regions. Second, the upgrading of rural residents’ consumption has strengthened the promoting effect of agricultural digitalization on the resilience of agricultural economy. Third, digital financial inclusion has a threshold effect on the improvement of agricultural digitalization to promote the resilience of agricultural economy. In summary, suggestions are put forward such as paying attention to the enabling effect of agricultural digitalization on the resilience of agricultural economy, paying attention to the regional heterogeneity of the impact of agricultural digitalization on the resilience of agricultural economy, strengthening the regulating effect of rural residents’ consumption upgrading, and vigorously developing digital inclusive finance, so as to improve the resilience level of agricultural economy and help the high-quality development of agriculture.