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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230080
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doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220975
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2023, 31(8): 1155-1170.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230437
Abstract:
Agricultural production has been widely and seriously affected by climate change. In this paper, the logical layers of climate change impacts and adaptation were synthesized based on the interactions of climate system and agricultural ecosystem as well as the social-economic system. The logical layers of climate change impacts could be clarified as the effects due to the change of climate average trend, the enhanced extreme climatic events, ecological consequences and social-economic consequences, then the logical layers of adaptation could be clarified as the high-efficiency use of agro-climatic resources due to warming, systematically adjusting the strategy and technical approaches for disaster reduction and prevention according to the new features of enhanced agro-meteorological disasters, increasing the agricultural climate resilience with the well employment of ecosystem services through the protection of agro-biodiversity and optimizing the agricultural ecosystem’s structure and functions, and transformational update of the agricultural social-economic system. The challenges of agricultural adaptation to climate change were synthesized based on the systematic review of the research progress on the already occurred climate change impacts and the adopted adaptation measures that the climatic stress onto the agricultural system is incessantly enhanced, the vulnerability to climate change is continuously increased, the guarantee system for food security is not complete yet, and the adaptive capacity is still very weak. Finally, the key scientific questions for agricultural adaptation were proposed to enlarge the aspects of climate change impacts assessment, to scientifically identify the vulnerability to climate change and the future climate risk, to reveal the theoretical mechanism of adaptation, to construct the agricultural adaptation system, to strengthen the research on how to increase the capacity of agricultural adaptation decision as well as the implementation of agricultural adaptation actions.
Agricultural production has been widely and seriously affected by climate change. In this paper, the logical layers of climate change impacts and adaptation were synthesized based on the interactions of climate system and agricultural ecosystem as well as the social-economic system. The logical layers of climate change impacts could be clarified as the effects due to the change of climate average trend, the enhanced extreme climatic events, ecological consequences and social-economic consequences, then the logical layers of adaptation could be clarified as the high-efficiency use of agro-climatic resources due to warming, systematically adjusting the strategy and technical approaches for disaster reduction and prevention according to the new features of enhanced agro-meteorological disasters, increasing the agricultural climate resilience with the well employment of ecosystem services through the protection of agro-biodiversity and optimizing the agricultural ecosystem’s structure and functions, and transformational update of the agricultural social-economic system. The challenges of agricultural adaptation to climate change were synthesized based on the systematic review of the research progress on the already occurred climate change impacts and the adopted adaptation measures that the climatic stress onto the agricultural system is incessantly enhanced, the vulnerability to climate change is continuously increased, the guarantee system for food security is not complete yet, and the adaptive capacity is still very weak. Finally, the key scientific questions for agricultural adaptation were proposed to enlarge the aspects of climate change impacts assessment, to scientifically identify the vulnerability to climate change and the future climate risk, to reveal the theoretical mechanism of adaptation, to construct the agricultural adaptation system, to strengthen the research on how to increase the capacity of agricultural adaptation decision as well as the implementation of agricultural adaptation actions.
2023, 31(8): 1171-1177.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230036
Abstract:
As China’s agriculture is in a critical period of modernization, further recognizing the connotations, tasks, and paths of China’s eco-agriculture in the new era and reaching a common understanding is necessary. In our view, modern eco-agriculture in China can be considered an essential path to the modernization of China’s agriculture because of its origin from China’s traditional agriculture, absorbing modern achievements in science and technology, and applying a modern management system of industry, which also gives new meaning to China’s eco-agriculture. However, the modernization of China’s eco-agriculture continues to face huge challenges in ensuring food security, ecological safety, nutrition security, inheritance of traditional farming culture, and the realization of common prosperity. Consequently, by maintaining a systematic approach, upholding fundamental principles, and breaking new grounds, China’s eco-agriculture should make considerable breakthroughs aimed at innovating the typical model of ecological agriculture, strengthening the research and development of agricultural green inputs, accelerating the development and application of new equipment for ecological agriculture, promoting the operational capacity of industrial chains, and improving the policy and mechanism of ecological compensation. The practical pathes would focus on maize and soybean intercropping, rice-fish co-culture, green house planting-breeding, indoor vertical eco-farm innovation of typical models; new slow/controlled release fertilizer, new liquid fertilizer, biochar based fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, micronutrient fortifier, green smart fertilizer, green manure crop, photo-micro fertilizer, CO2 gas-fertilizer; biological pesticide, natural enemies and pollinating insects, new insect trapping equipment; biodegradable mulch film and soil remediation technology & product in green inputs area; advanced agricultural basic equipment, intellisense technology, cloud-brain technology, intelligent control/management technology, internet of things based on integrated ground-air-space, platform of space breeding laboratory, recycling system of organic waste, integrated biological control system for diseases, insect pests and weeds, indoor vertical farming system in agricultural equipment area; community supported agriculture, ecological leisure and health care, cloud ecological farm, green international trade in operation of modern industrial chain; and Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP), Gross Economic-Ecological Product (GEEP), and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in agricultural policy making. In summary, based on China’s actual conditions, there is an urgent need to innovate and develop the modern industrial and technological system of China’s eco-agriculture by relying on the two-wheel drive of agricultural science and technology and rural reform, which would provide Chinese solutions for the sustainable development of world agriculture in future decades.
As China’s agriculture is in a critical period of modernization, further recognizing the connotations, tasks, and paths of China’s eco-agriculture in the new era and reaching a common understanding is necessary. In our view, modern eco-agriculture in China can be considered an essential path to the modernization of China’s agriculture because of its origin from China’s traditional agriculture, absorbing modern achievements in science and technology, and applying a modern management system of industry, which also gives new meaning to China’s eco-agriculture. However, the modernization of China’s eco-agriculture continues to face huge challenges in ensuring food security, ecological safety, nutrition security, inheritance of traditional farming culture, and the realization of common prosperity. Consequently, by maintaining a systematic approach, upholding fundamental principles, and breaking new grounds, China’s eco-agriculture should make considerable breakthroughs aimed at innovating the typical model of ecological agriculture, strengthening the research and development of agricultural green inputs, accelerating the development and application of new equipment for ecological agriculture, promoting the operational capacity of industrial chains, and improving the policy and mechanism of ecological compensation. The practical pathes would focus on maize and soybean intercropping, rice-fish co-culture, green house planting-breeding, indoor vertical eco-farm innovation of typical models; new slow/controlled release fertilizer, new liquid fertilizer, biochar based fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, micronutrient fortifier, green smart fertilizer, green manure crop, photo-micro fertilizer, CO2 gas-fertilizer; biological pesticide, natural enemies and pollinating insects, new insect trapping equipment; biodegradable mulch film and soil remediation technology & product in green inputs area; advanced agricultural basic equipment, intellisense technology, cloud-brain technology, intelligent control/management technology, internet of things based on integrated ground-air-space, platform of space breeding laboratory, recycling system of organic waste, integrated biological control system for diseases, insect pests and weeds, indoor vertical farming system in agricultural equipment area; community supported agriculture, ecological leisure and health care, cloud ecological farm, green international trade in operation of modern industrial chain; and Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP), Gross Economic-Ecological Product (GEEP), and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in agricultural policy making. In summary, based on China’s actual conditions, there is an urgent need to innovate and develop the modern industrial and technological system of China’s eco-agriculture by relying on the two-wheel drive of agricultural science and technology and rural reform, which would provide Chinese solutions for the sustainable development of world agriculture in future decades.
2023, 31(8): 1178-1183.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230394
Abstract:
To obtain higher agricultural production capacity at a lower ecological cost, the development of modern agriculture with resource conservation, efficient production, and ecological friendliness should become a basic principle and direction to be adhered to in agricultural modernization and development, with green development as the main tone in the new era. Agricultural ecosystems have two major functions: production and ecology. Adhering to ecological priorities and achieving more longterm production benefits while pursuing ecological benefits is an important mean of overcoming bottlenecks in sustainable development. Based on interregional coupling and system optimization of grain production, analyzing ecological pressure transfer and changing trends in regional production and ecological potential are important for agricultural modernization. The development of ecological agriculture and construction of waste-free villages are of great significance for the realization of agricultural modernization and sustainable development.
To obtain higher agricultural production capacity at a lower ecological cost, the development of modern agriculture with resource conservation, efficient production, and ecological friendliness should become a basic principle and direction to be adhered to in agricultural modernization and development, with green development as the main tone in the new era. Agricultural ecosystems have two major functions: production and ecology. Adhering to ecological priorities and achieving more longterm production benefits while pursuing ecological benefits is an important mean of overcoming bottlenecks in sustainable development. Based on interregional coupling and system optimization of grain production, analyzing ecological pressure transfer and changing trends in regional production and ecological potential are important for agricultural modernization. The development of ecological agriculture and construction of waste-free villages are of great significance for the realization of agricultural modernization and sustainable development.
2023, 31(8): 1184-1193.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230039
Abstract:
Agriculture supports humankind’s sustainable existence on earth, exhibiting a complete spectrum of production, livelihood, ecology, and life characteristics. The prevailing model of modern conventional agriculture has made astonishing achievements in economic productivity but at the cost of ecological productivity because it was measured uniquely by market analysis under the ideology of neoclassical economics and equipped with manufactured materials from modern science and technology. Therefore, it is imperative to transform modern conventional agriculture into modern ecological agriculture, as instructed by agroecological principles and systematic science methodology, and the latter will be a vital pathway for state-specific agricultural modernization in China. For the sound development of Chinese ecological agriculture (CEA), the authors addressed three main missions, including transforming the agricultural industry from focusing on pure economic return to supporting public life, converting agricultural production from an ecologically vicious circle to an ecologically virtuous circle, and promoting agricultural administration from a broken chain to “cropping-husbandry-processing” and “agriculture-industry-service” integrations. The three technology categories include a multi-dimensional land use system for fully and efficiently utilizing the spatio-temporal resources, a material and energy recycling system for building a self-clean production, and an integrated pest management system for securing land and food. The three policy mechanisms include updating the theoretical system of CEA by promoting the agroecology discipline, fully realizing the eco-product value of ecological agriculture through the sound agroecological compensation institution, and ensuring the effective governance of territorial resources via unifying the spatial planning.
Agriculture supports humankind’s sustainable existence on earth, exhibiting a complete spectrum of production, livelihood, ecology, and life characteristics. The prevailing model of modern conventional agriculture has made astonishing achievements in economic productivity but at the cost of ecological productivity because it was measured uniquely by market analysis under the ideology of neoclassical economics and equipped with manufactured materials from modern science and technology. Therefore, it is imperative to transform modern conventional agriculture into modern ecological agriculture, as instructed by agroecological principles and systematic science methodology, and the latter will be a vital pathway for state-specific agricultural modernization in China. For the sound development of Chinese ecological agriculture (CEA), the authors addressed three main missions, including transforming the agricultural industry from focusing on pure economic return to supporting public life, converting agricultural production from an ecologically vicious circle to an ecologically virtuous circle, and promoting agricultural administration from a broken chain to “cropping-husbandry-processing” and “agriculture-industry-service” integrations. The three technology categories include a multi-dimensional land use system for fully and efficiently utilizing the spatio-temporal resources, a material and energy recycling system for building a self-clean production, and an integrated pest management system for securing land and food. The three policy mechanisms include updating the theoretical system of CEA by promoting the agroecology discipline, fully realizing the eco-product value of ecological agriculture through the sound agroecological compensation institution, and ensuring the effective governance of territorial resources via unifying the spatial planning.
2023, 31(8): 1194-1207.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230030
Abstract:
China must achieve its goal of fully building modern socialist power by 2050. Agricultural power is the foundation of modern socialist power, and agricultural modernization is necessary for building modern agricultural power. Shandong Province is the first major agricultural province in China, with a total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries exceeding one trillion Yuan (valued at 1019.06 billion Yuan). Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of the development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province can help accelerate the development process of agricultural modernization, provide a scientific basis for realizing the transformation from a major agricultural province to a modern agricultural province, and provide a reference for development planning in other regions to achieve agricultural modernization. Existing researches neglect the heterogeneity analysis of the internal structure evolution and key constraints of the regional agricultural modernization development level, lack temporal and spatial analysis of the evolution of the agricultural modernization development level, and do not explore the external factors that affect the development level of agricultural modernization. This study used a multi-objective comprehensive measure to evaluate the development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province and 16 cities, analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution using exploratory spatial data analysis methods, and introduced an obstacle model and a spatial econometric model to explore internal constraints and external drivers. The results show that: 1) The development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province and the scores of production inputs, industry and operation, output benefits, green development, and rural community subsystems showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, with the rapid development of industry and operation subsystems being prominent. However, the development of production inputs and output benefits subsystems was unstable. The development level of agricultural modernization in various regions and cities had formed differences between “high but unstable” and “low-level traps”. The internal structures of most regions and cities were gradually balanced with the main types of business and social leadership. 2) The spatial manifestation was significant spatial agglomerations. High levels of agricultural modernization development were concentrated in the eastern coastal areas and expand to inland areas, whereas low levels were gradually concentrated in the five cities of South Shandong. There was an abnormal spatial distribution at the junctions of the high- and low-level clusters. 3) The level of electrification restricted the development of agricultural modernization in more than 80% of the prefectures and cities, whereas medical conditions restricted most prefectures and cities with low levels of agricultural modernization. Input-type constraints gradually transformed into industrial- and output-type constraints; urbanization level, science and technology level, education investment, and economic development level all significantly and positively affected the development level of agricultural modernization, and science, technology, and education investment in addition to having significant spatial spillover effects. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of local conditions, coordinate internally balanced development, strengthen regional cooperation and exchange, reduce internal constraints, and strengthen external factors driving spillover effects.
China must achieve its goal of fully building modern socialist power by 2050. Agricultural power is the foundation of modern socialist power, and agricultural modernization is necessary for building modern agricultural power. Shandong Province is the first major agricultural province in China, with a total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries exceeding one trillion Yuan (valued at 1019.06 billion Yuan). Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of the development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province can help accelerate the development process of agricultural modernization, provide a scientific basis for realizing the transformation from a major agricultural province to a modern agricultural province, and provide a reference for development planning in other regions to achieve agricultural modernization. Existing researches neglect the heterogeneity analysis of the internal structure evolution and key constraints of the regional agricultural modernization development level, lack temporal and spatial analysis of the evolution of the agricultural modernization development level, and do not explore the external factors that affect the development level of agricultural modernization. This study used a multi-objective comprehensive measure to evaluate the development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province and 16 cities, analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution using exploratory spatial data analysis methods, and introduced an obstacle model and a spatial econometric model to explore internal constraints and external drivers. The results show that: 1) The development level of agricultural modernization in Shandong Province and the scores of production inputs, industry and operation, output benefits, green development, and rural community subsystems showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, with the rapid development of industry and operation subsystems being prominent. However, the development of production inputs and output benefits subsystems was unstable. The development level of agricultural modernization in various regions and cities had formed differences between “high but unstable” and “low-level traps”. The internal structures of most regions and cities were gradually balanced with the main types of business and social leadership. 2) The spatial manifestation was significant spatial agglomerations. High levels of agricultural modernization development were concentrated in the eastern coastal areas and expand to inland areas, whereas low levels were gradually concentrated in the five cities of South Shandong. There was an abnormal spatial distribution at the junctions of the high- and low-level clusters. 3) The level of electrification restricted the development of agricultural modernization in more than 80% of the prefectures and cities, whereas medical conditions restricted most prefectures and cities with low levels of agricultural modernization. Input-type constraints gradually transformed into industrial- and output-type constraints; urbanization level, science and technology level, education investment, and economic development level all significantly and positively affected the development level of agricultural modernization, and science, technology, and education investment in addition to having significant spatial spillover effects. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of local conditions, coordinate internally balanced development, strengthen regional cooperation and exchange, reduce internal constraints, and strengthen external factors driving spillover effects.
2023, 31(8): 1208-1219.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220928
Abstract:
As the demand for high-efficiency eco-agriculture has enriched the content of building an agricultural powerhouse, in-depth exploration and continuous improvement are essential measures and operational carriers for implementing rural revitalization strategies. Based on the development experience of securing an adequate supply, resource conservation, and environment-friendly agriculture, the study extended and expanded the scientific and theoretical connotations of high-efficiency ecological agriculture, constructed the main framework of “county-region-basin” high-efficiency eco-agriculture, and analyzed the construction ideas and development goals of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in the process of rural revitalization. Highly efficient eco-agriculture involves the improvement and sublimation of ecological agriculture. Following the requirements of improvement of the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture and the construction of a strong agricultural province in Fujian Province, this study proposed practical countermeasures for new cluster construction for the integrated development of rural ecological industrialization and industrial ecology in Fujian Province. According to local conditions and demand for a harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, the study deeply explored and established a new technology system and implemented countermeasures for the new management mechanism and entrepreneurial system of carbon neutrality in the rural areas of Fujian Province. In addition, the study explored and created production and operation models of the rural industrialization + ecological “double synergy” developments of ecological village industry and regional ecological industrialization, and the agricultural economic benefits + ecological benefits “double coordination” development; and adjusted measures to local conditions to promote the transformation and upgrading of high-efficiency eco-agriculture with regional characteristics, which is an effective path to comprehensively promote rural revitalization.
As the demand for high-efficiency eco-agriculture has enriched the content of building an agricultural powerhouse, in-depth exploration and continuous improvement are essential measures and operational carriers for implementing rural revitalization strategies. Based on the development experience of securing an adequate supply, resource conservation, and environment-friendly agriculture, the study extended and expanded the scientific and theoretical connotations of high-efficiency ecological agriculture, constructed the main framework of “county-region-basin” high-efficiency eco-agriculture, and analyzed the construction ideas and development goals of high-efficiency eco-agriculture in the process of rural revitalization. Highly efficient eco-agriculture involves the improvement and sublimation of ecological agriculture. Following the requirements of improvement of the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture and the construction of a strong agricultural province in Fujian Province, this study proposed practical countermeasures for new cluster construction for the integrated development of rural ecological industrialization and industrial ecology in Fujian Province. According to local conditions and demand for a harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, the study deeply explored and established a new technology system and implemented countermeasures for the new management mechanism and entrepreneurial system of carbon neutrality in the rural areas of Fujian Province. In addition, the study explored and created production and operation models of the rural industrialization + ecological “double synergy” developments of ecological village industry and regional ecological industrialization, and the agricultural economic benefits + ecological benefits “double coordination” development; and adjusted measures to local conditions to promote the transformation and upgrading of high-efficiency eco-agriculture with regional characteristics, which is an effective path to comprehensively promote rural revitalization.
2023, 31(8): 1220-1229.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230038
Abstract:
The development of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers is an important way to reduce fertilizer rates, improve their use efficiency, and play an important role in supporting the sustainable development of modern agriculture. This paper reviewed 32 years of research in the fertilizer field at the Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources, and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. The research process, team organization, product innovation, and fertilization service of different fertilizers from the laboratory to the field were introduced, and future research directions were analyzed and prospected. Since 1991, the institute has been researching and developing slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers. In the initial stage (1991–1998), zeolite- and resin-coated fertilizers were successively developed. During the rapid development stage (1999–2015), controlled-release fertilizer products gradually realized industrialization and drove the development of the industry. During the stable promotion period (2016–), attention has been paid to bio-based coated controlled-release fertilizers, and considerable progress has been made. Zeolite-coated urea is an inorganic fertilizer that uses natural zeolite as a coating agent. Their functional characteristics were investigated, and a series of fertilizer formulations and application techniques were developed. Resin-coated fertilizers are prepared by spraying a layer of semi-permeable or impermeable material onto the fertilizer surface to achieve a controlled release of nutrients. The production process of the polyolefin resin is divided into three parts: dissolution of the coating material in the solvent, granule coating, and solvent recovery. In 1998, the institute developed spouted-bed coating equipment with an annual output of 2000 t of resin-coated fertilizer. Thermosetting resin-coated fertilizer is another major type for which the solvent-free in situ reaction film-forming process is commonly used. A high-efficiency mixed spraying method with a self-cleaning function was proposed, and semiautomatic and continuous automatic production was developed one after another. Simultaneously, nutrient release prediction technology and online rapid detection technology were developed for controlled-release fertilizers, and a series of special formula fertilizers and their application technologies were developed. The innovation of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers has served the precise nutrient requirements of crops from the field to horticulture and promoted upgrading the fertilizer industry, reducing the fertilizer rate, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, and even controlling non-point source pollution. To meet the realistic need for agricultural development in the future, it is still necessary to continuously study biodegradable coating materials for fertilizer products, the multi-stage continuously controllable release of nutrients, innovative large-scale and continuous production processes, online rapid detection technologies for product quality, and special multi-component and controlled-release functional fertilizers for crops.
The development of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers is an important way to reduce fertilizer rates, improve their use efficiency, and play an important role in supporting the sustainable development of modern agriculture. This paper reviewed 32 years of research in the fertilizer field at the Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources, and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. The research process, team organization, product innovation, and fertilization service of different fertilizers from the laboratory to the field were introduced, and future research directions were analyzed and prospected. Since 1991, the institute has been researching and developing slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers. In the initial stage (1991–1998), zeolite- and resin-coated fertilizers were successively developed. During the rapid development stage (1999–2015), controlled-release fertilizer products gradually realized industrialization and drove the development of the industry. During the stable promotion period (2016–), attention has been paid to bio-based coated controlled-release fertilizers, and considerable progress has been made. Zeolite-coated urea is an inorganic fertilizer that uses natural zeolite as a coating agent. Their functional characteristics were investigated, and a series of fertilizer formulations and application techniques were developed. Resin-coated fertilizers are prepared by spraying a layer of semi-permeable or impermeable material onto the fertilizer surface to achieve a controlled release of nutrients. The production process of the polyolefin resin is divided into three parts: dissolution of the coating material in the solvent, granule coating, and solvent recovery. In 1998, the institute developed spouted-bed coating equipment with an annual output of 2000 t of resin-coated fertilizer. Thermosetting resin-coated fertilizer is another major type for which the solvent-free in situ reaction film-forming process is commonly used. A high-efficiency mixed spraying method with a self-cleaning function was proposed, and semiautomatic and continuous automatic production was developed one after another. Simultaneously, nutrient release prediction technology and online rapid detection technology were developed for controlled-release fertilizers, and a series of special formula fertilizers and their application technologies were developed. The innovation of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers has served the precise nutrient requirements of crops from the field to horticulture and promoted upgrading the fertilizer industry, reducing the fertilizer rate, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, and even controlling non-point source pollution. To meet the realistic need for agricultural development in the future, it is still necessary to continuously study biodegradable coating materials for fertilizer products, the multi-stage continuously controllable release of nutrients, innovative large-scale and continuous production processes, online rapid detection technologies for product quality, and special multi-component and controlled-release functional fertilizers for crops.
2023, 31(8): 1230-1239.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230131
Abstract:
Separation of crop and livestock production increases the risk of environmental pollution and the wastage of nutrient resources derived from crop-livestock systems. Integration of crop and livestock production is an important pathway for promoting nutrient cycling and reducing nutrient losses. Research on nutrient management at the basin scale can upscale agricultural production technologies from the farm scale to the basin scale and improve nutrient-use efficiency. Based on production optimization, the environmental threshold of the basin can be used as a bayonet to further reduce environmental nutrient losses. In addition, it is important to achieve higher nutrient efficiency and greater environmental emission reduction of crop-livestock production systems in a large area via nutrient management at the basin scale, which may also support the green development of agriculture. Taking the Yangtze River Basin as an example, this study reviewed the significance of nutrient management based on the integration of crop and livestock production at the basin scale with green development, nutrient management technologies based on the integration of crop and livestock production, and spatial optimization based on the environmental cost of the crop-livestock production system. In addition, the present study focuses on the nutrient management of crop-livestock production systems at the basin scale. Based on the present review, we found that there are a series of nutrient management technologies for crop-livestock systems in the Yangtze River Basin, and the promotion and application of these technologies via a bottom-up approach could further reduce nutrient losses and improve agricultural production efficiency. However, the nutrient losses of the crop-livestock system in some areas are too high and cannot be controlled within the environmental threshold only through technical improvement; it is also necessary to conduct spatial planning for crop-livestock systems via a top-down approach. Future studies on nutrient management of crop-livestock systems at the basin scale should include (1) characteristics and driving factors of nutrient flow and environmental emissions at the basin scale, (2) classification of vulnerable areas of nutrient losses at the basin scale, and (3) evaluation and optimization of crop-livestock systems based on vulnerable areas.
Separation of crop and livestock production increases the risk of environmental pollution and the wastage of nutrient resources derived from crop-livestock systems. Integration of crop and livestock production is an important pathway for promoting nutrient cycling and reducing nutrient losses. Research on nutrient management at the basin scale can upscale agricultural production technologies from the farm scale to the basin scale and improve nutrient-use efficiency. Based on production optimization, the environmental threshold of the basin can be used as a bayonet to further reduce environmental nutrient losses. In addition, it is important to achieve higher nutrient efficiency and greater environmental emission reduction of crop-livestock production systems in a large area via nutrient management at the basin scale, which may also support the green development of agriculture. Taking the Yangtze River Basin as an example, this study reviewed the significance of nutrient management based on the integration of crop and livestock production at the basin scale with green development, nutrient management technologies based on the integration of crop and livestock production, and spatial optimization based on the environmental cost of the crop-livestock production system. In addition, the present study focuses on the nutrient management of crop-livestock production systems at the basin scale. Based on the present review, we found that there are a series of nutrient management technologies for crop-livestock systems in the Yangtze River Basin, and the promotion and application of these technologies via a bottom-up approach could further reduce nutrient losses and improve agricultural production efficiency. However, the nutrient losses of the crop-livestock system in some areas are too high and cannot be controlled within the environmental threshold only through technical improvement; it is also necessary to conduct spatial planning for crop-livestock systems via a top-down approach. Future studies on nutrient management of crop-livestock systems at the basin scale should include (1) characteristics and driving factors of nutrient flow and environmental emissions at the basin scale, (2) classification of vulnerable areas of nutrient losses at the basin scale, and (3) evaluation and optimization of crop-livestock systems based on vulnerable areas.
2023, 31(8): 1240-1255.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230207
Abstract:
The addition of exogenous organic materials is important for ameliorating soil structure, improving soil fertility, and enhancing fruit quality in orchards. Organic materials originate from diverse sources and exhibit complex compositions. The effects of alterations to the type, quantity, and method of application on their effectiveness and concomitant environmental implications in orchard ecosystems are noteworthy. This study systematically summarized the sources and properties of organic materials and their effects on fruit tree growth and development, soil physical structure, soil nutrient cycling, and biological properties. Emphasis was placed on greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation and transformation characteristics of heavy metals and new pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, antibiotics, and microplastics) in orchards with the addition of organic materials. The main effects of organic material application on orchard ecosystems are as follows: 1) the rational application of organic materials can efficiently improve the physical structure, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of orchard soil; enhance its ability to maintain and supply nutrients; create favorable conditions for the growth and development of fruit trees; and improve yield and fruit quality. 2) The type, quantity, and application method of organic materials notably affect the concentration of carbon and nitrogen substrates and related enzymatic and microbial activities in orchard soil, which alter the characteristics of soil nutrient cycling and N2O emissions. 3) The composition and structure of organic materials, soil properties, and functional microorganisms concurrently influence such accumulation. However, the potential environmental impact of organic materials remains uncertain. In addition, the formation and influencing mechanisms of associated composite pollutants in orchard soil are complex and deserve comprehensive attention. Further studies are required concerning the internal connections between the addition of organic materials and environmental change processes in orchards, the mechanisms of which also need to be elucidated. Finally, important directions for research regarding the relationship between the application of organic materials and environmental effects in orchard ecosystems are proposed.
The addition of exogenous organic materials is important for ameliorating soil structure, improving soil fertility, and enhancing fruit quality in orchards. Organic materials originate from diverse sources and exhibit complex compositions. The effects of alterations to the type, quantity, and method of application on their effectiveness and concomitant environmental implications in orchard ecosystems are noteworthy. This study systematically summarized the sources and properties of organic materials and their effects on fruit tree growth and development, soil physical structure, soil nutrient cycling, and biological properties. Emphasis was placed on greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation and transformation characteristics of heavy metals and new pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, antibiotics, and microplastics) in orchards with the addition of organic materials. The main effects of organic material application on orchard ecosystems are as follows: 1) the rational application of organic materials can efficiently improve the physical structure, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of orchard soil; enhance its ability to maintain and supply nutrients; create favorable conditions for the growth and development of fruit trees; and improve yield and fruit quality. 2) The type, quantity, and application method of organic materials notably affect the concentration of carbon and nitrogen substrates and related enzymatic and microbial activities in orchard soil, which alter the characteristics of soil nutrient cycling and N2O emissions. 3) The composition and structure of organic materials, soil properties, and functional microorganisms concurrently influence such accumulation. However, the potential environmental impact of organic materials remains uncertain. In addition, the formation and influencing mechanisms of associated composite pollutants in orchard soil are complex and deserve comprehensive attention. Further studies are required concerning the internal connections between the addition of organic materials and environmental change processes in orchards, the mechanisms of which also need to be elucidated. Finally, important directions for research regarding the relationship between the application of organic materials and environmental effects in orchard ecosystems are proposed.
2023, 31(8): 1256-1274.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220798
Abstract:
As an important constituent of national land space, rural carbon emission reduction and sink increase are crucial for achieving the Dual Carbon goal. The rural carbon effect involves carbon emissions and sinks, and the estimation results vary widely between studies, with no consistent conclusions owing to different accounting scopes, methods, indicators, and other factors. First, this study constructed a rural carbon cycle system based on the human-earth system theory. Second, a meta-analysis was used to integrate previous quantitative studies on rural carbon effects and estimate the overall effect size. Finally, factors influencing the rural carbon effect were summarized and suggestions for rural governance were proposed. This study aims to provide a reference for a quantitative understanding of the carbon effect of the rural regional system. The results show that 1) carbon emissions from agricultural production account for approximately 20% of the total rural carbon emissions, while carbon emissions from agriculture account for 10.37% of the total average annual carbon emissions in China, with approximately 30% originating from crop cultivation and approximately 70% from livestock farming. Fertilizer application accounts for 58.23% of crop cultivation carbon emissions, whereas 67.40% of livestock farming carbon emissions originats from animal enteric fermentation. Applying 1 t less nitrogen fertilizer can reduce carbon emissions by 9.526 t CO2, which is equivalent to an electricity saving of 9555 kWh and can be used to produce 27 t of rice. Improving nitrogen use efficiency by 1% conserves 375 000 t of raw coal, and reducing the number of cattle and sheep by 1% can reduce carbon emissions from livestock farming by 4.48%. 2) Approximately 80% of rural carbon emissions originates from residential living, which has a higher carbon reduction potential than agricultural production. Nearly 65% of residential living carbon emissions are indirectly generated, with housing construction accounting for 45.32%. Coal burning contributes to approximately 80% of direct carbon emissions, and replacing coal consumption by 1% with biomass energy can reduce residential living carbon emissions by 36 248 000 t CO2, corresponding to an electricity saving of 3636 kWh. Additionally, in the process of urbanization, the cost of eliminating 91.54 million tons of increased carbon emissions from a 1% rural-to-urban population shift would account for at least 6.1 billion Yuan. 3) Between 1990 and 2022, the net carbon sink of rural China assumed a growth trend, and the average annual rural net carbon sink was 500 258 200 t·a−1, equivalent to saving 736 million tons of standard coal and 12.3 billion Yuan in carbon sequestration costs. Net rural carbon emissions in China increased from 1990 to 2022; however, the carbon sequestration potential of farmland protection cultivation has not yet been fully exploited. Increasing the rural environmental governance level by 2% using emerging technologies can reduce the carbon emissions from rural agricultural production by 2%. Therefore, it is proposed to increase investment in the research and development of new long-acting fertilizers, promote an ecological agriculture model that integrates planting and breeding, enhance efforts to publicize the low-carbon living concept, and advance the construction of rural digital energy systems to fully utilize the potential for rural emission reduction and sink increase.
As an important constituent of national land space, rural carbon emission reduction and sink increase are crucial for achieving the Dual Carbon goal. The rural carbon effect involves carbon emissions and sinks, and the estimation results vary widely between studies, with no consistent conclusions owing to different accounting scopes, methods, indicators, and other factors. First, this study constructed a rural carbon cycle system based on the human-earth system theory. Second, a meta-analysis was used to integrate previous quantitative studies on rural carbon effects and estimate the overall effect size. Finally, factors influencing the rural carbon effect were summarized and suggestions for rural governance were proposed. This study aims to provide a reference for a quantitative understanding of the carbon effect of the rural regional system. The results show that 1) carbon emissions from agricultural production account for approximately 20% of the total rural carbon emissions, while carbon emissions from agriculture account for 10.37% of the total average annual carbon emissions in China, with approximately 30% originating from crop cultivation and approximately 70% from livestock farming. Fertilizer application accounts for 58.23% of crop cultivation carbon emissions, whereas 67.40% of livestock farming carbon emissions originats from animal enteric fermentation. Applying 1 t less nitrogen fertilizer can reduce carbon emissions by 9.526 t CO2, which is equivalent to an electricity saving of 9555 kWh and can be used to produce 27 t of rice. Improving nitrogen use efficiency by 1% conserves 375 000 t of raw coal, and reducing the number of cattle and sheep by 1% can reduce carbon emissions from livestock farming by 4.48%. 2) Approximately 80% of rural carbon emissions originates from residential living, which has a higher carbon reduction potential than agricultural production. Nearly 65% of residential living carbon emissions are indirectly generated, with housing construction accounting for 45.32%. Coal burning contributes to approximately 80% of direct carbon emissions, and replacing coal consumption by 1% with biomass energy can reduce residential living carbon emissions by 36 248 000 t CO2, corresponding to an electricity saving of 3636 kWh. Additionally, in the process of urbanization, the cost of eliminating 91.54 million tons of increased carbon emissions from a 1% rural-to-urban population shift would account for at least 6.1 billion Yuan. 3) Between 1990 and 2022, the net carbon sink of rural China assumed a growth trend, and the average annual rural net carbon sink was 500 258 200 t·a−1, equivalent to saving 736 million tons of standard coal and 12.3 billion Yuan in carbon sequestration costs. Net rural carbon emissions in China increased from 1990 to 2022; however, the carbon sequestration potential of farmland protection cultivation has not yet been fully exploited. Increasing the rural environmental governance level by 2% using emerging technologies can reduce the carbon emissions from rural agricultural production by 2%. Therefore, it is proposed to increase investment in the research and development of new long-acting fertilizers, promote an ecological agriculture model that integrates planting and breeding, enhance efforts to publicize the low-carbon living concept, and advance the construction of rural digital energy systems to fully utilize the potential for rural emission reduction and sink increase.
2023, 31(8): 1275-1286.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220864
Abstract:
Exploring the peak process of carbon emissions from crop production provides a basis for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Previous studies found that carbon emissions from crop production in China reached an inflection point in 2015. Nonetheless, determining whether a peak has been reached is unreliable without verifying the specific peaking process using statistical approaches. To better understand the peaking process, this study calculated the carbon emissions from crop production in 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2020, considering four carbon sources: agricultural materials, rice paddies, soil management, and straw burning. The peak carbon emissions process was then explored at the national and provincial levels. The Tapio decoupling index was used to verify the relationship between carbon emissions and economic output. The results showed that: (1) The total carbon emissions from crop production in China had an annual average of 233.269 Mt, increasing from 200.020 Mt to 242.819 Mt during the study period, peaking at 262.648 Mt in 2015. The average annual rate of change after reaching the peak was −1.560%, indicating that emissions entered a plateau. Over time, agricultural materials became the primary emissions source (34.6%), whereas soil management contributed the least (11.6%) in 2020. (2) Carbon emissions from crop production were positively correlated with the cropping scale. Only two provinces, Hunan and Henan, had the highest emissions of over 20 Mt; five provinces, such as Hubei and Shandong, had the highest emissions distribution of 15–20 Mt, and other five provinces, like Jiangxi and Sichuan, had the highest emissions ranging from 10 to 15 Mt. In contrast, the highest emissions in 18 provinces were less than 10 Mt, especially in Beijing, Tianjin, and Qinghai, with emission peaks below 1 Mt. As far as the peaking process, the carbon emissions in 13 provinces, including Beijing and Tianjin, were in a state of decline, those of 10 provinces, such as Shanxi and Chongqing, entered a plateau, and those of seven provinces like Henan and Anhui had not met their peak yet. (3) At the national level, the long-term relationship between carbon emissions and economic output showed weak decoupling, whereas the short-term relationship changed from weak to strong decoupling. At the provincial level, the short-term relationship evolved from multi-type coexistence to strong decoupling. Consequently, it is recommended that the emission mitigation of crop production in China should be accelerated by source and phase based on the peaking process and emission magnitude. Provinces with emissions in peaking and plateauing states require additional attention, as their subsequent developments determined the overall emission reduction. In comparison, flexible space for emission mitigation can be provided to the provinces in declining states, as many of them are accompanied by low emissions and optimistic momentum. However, three high-emission provinces, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Shandong, also reached their peak emissions and began to decline, which may serve as examples of provinces with similar conditions. These findings provide local solutions for accelerating the peaking process of carbon emissions from crop production in China.
Exploring the peak process of carbon emissions from crop production provides a basis for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Previous studies found that carbon emissions from crop production in China reached an inflection point in 2015. Nonetheless, determining whether a peak has been reached is unreliable without verifying the specific peaking process using statistical approaches. To better understand the peaking process, this study calculated the carbon emissions from crop production in 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2020, considering four carbon sources: agricultural materials, rice paddies, soil management, and straw burning. The peak carbon emissions process was then explored at the national and provincial levels. The Tapio decoupling index was used to verify the relationship between carbon emissions and economic output. The results showed that: (1) The total carbon emissions from crop production in China had an annual average of 233.269 Mt, increasing from 200.020 Mt to 242.819 Mt during the study period, peaking at 262.648 Mt in 2015. The average annual rate of change after reaching the peak was −1.560%, indicating that emissions entered a plateau. Over time, agricultural materials became the primary emissions source (34.6%), whereas soil management contributed the least (11.6%) in 2020. (2) Carbon emissions from crop production were positively correlated with the cropping scale. Only two provinces, Hunan and Henan, had the highest emissions of over 20 Mt; five provinces, such as Hubei and Shandong, had the highest emissions distribution of 15–20 Mt, and other five provinces, like Jiangxi and Sichuan, had the highest emissions ranging from 10 to 15 Mt. In contrast, the highest emissions in 18 provinces were less than 10 Mt, especially in Beijing, Tianjin, and Qinghai, with emission peaks below 1 Mt. As far as the peaking process, the carbon emissions in 13 provinces, including Beijing and Tianjin, were in a state of decline, those of 10 provinces, such as Shanxi and Chongqing, entered a plateau, and those of seven provinces like Henan and Anhui had not met their peak yet. (3) At the national level, the long-term relationship between carbon emissions and economic output showed weak decoupling, whereas the short-term relationship changed from weak to strong decoupling. At the provincial level, the short-term relationship evolved from multi-type coexistence to strong decoupling. Consequently, it is recommended that the emission mitigation of crop production in China should be accelerated by source and phase based on the peaking process and emission magnitude. Provinces with emissions in peaking and plateauing states require additional attention, as their subsequent developments determined the overall emission reduction. In comparison, flexible space for emission mitigation can be provided to the provinces in declining states, as many of them are accompanied by low emissions and optimistic momentum. However, three high-emission provinces, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Shandong, also reached their peak emissions and began to decline, which may serve as examples of provinces with similar conditions. These findings provide local solutions for accelerating the peaking process of carbon emissions from crop production in China.
2023, 31(8): 1287-1300.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230168
Abstract:
To clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province, this study forecasted the trend of agricultural carbon emissions from 2023 to 2040 to provide a theoretical basis for formulating agricultural carbon emission reduction policies. Using the classical carbon emission calculation theory of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this study measured (1) the agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2020 based on three main carbon sources: agricultural material input, farmland soil use, and livestock breeding; (2) analyzd its spatial and temporal characteristics and dynamic evolution trends further; (3) clarified inter-municipal differences; (4) used the LMDI model to carry out the analysis of influencing factors; and (5) used the gray prediction model GM (1,1) to forecast carbon emissions from 2023 to 2040. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the total amount and intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province decreased year by year, and in 2020, the total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province was 32.977 million tons, and the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions was 0.59 t∙(104 ¥)−1. Among them, agricultural soil use contributed the highest percentage of agricultural carbon emissions, followed by agricultural material inputs and livestock breeding. The average share of carbon emissions caused by late rice cultivation was the highest among agricultural soil use, reaching 41.06%, followed by carbon emissions caused by cattle rearing, chemical fertilizer, and early rice cultivation, and the sum of the four reaches 84.53% of the total agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province. (2) The intensity and total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province showed regional differences. The total amount and intensity of less economically developed areas were mainly high and second-highest, whereas economically developed areas were mainly second-low and low, showing an increasing trend from the center to the edge. From 2000 to 2020, there was a decreasing trend of agricultural carbon emission intensity in both the less economically developed and economically developed regions. (3) Agricultural production efficiency, regional industrial structure, and labor force size factors played a particular role in agricultural carbon emission reduction. In contrast, agricultural-industrial structure, regional economic development level, and urbanization were the main factors for increased agricultural carbon emissions. (4) The prediction results showed that agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province will continue to decline after 2023. Among the 21 prefecture-level cities, agricultural carbon emissions in Maoming and Zhanjiang still have an increasing trend after 2023, whereas agricultural carbon emissions in other cities show a yearly decreasing trend. Based on these results, we proposed relevant policy recommendations such as strengthening scientific and technological innovation, improving the agricultural policy guarantee system, and increasing the penetration rate of green technology to provide theoretical references for agricultural carbon emission reduction planning in Guangdong Province.
To clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province, this study forecasted the trend of agricultural carbon emissions from 2023 to 2040 to provide a theoretical basis for formulating agricultural carbon emission reduction policies. Using the classical carbon emission calculation theory of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this study measured (1) the agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2020 based on three main carbon sources: agricultural material input, farmland soil use, and livestock breeding; (2) analyzd its spatial and temporal characteristics and dynamic evolution trends further; (3) clarified inter-municipal differences; (4) used the LMDI model to carry out the analysis of influencing factors; and (5) used the gray prediction model GM (1,1) to forecast carbon emissions from 2023 to 2040. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the total amount and intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province decreased year by year, and in 2020, the total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province was 32.977 million tons, and the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions was 0.59 t∙(104 ¥)−1. Among them, agricultural soil use contributed the highest percentage of agricultural carbon emissions, followed by agricultural material inputs and livestock breeding. The average share of carbon emissions caused by late rice cultivation was the highest among agricultural soil use, reaching 41.06%, followed by carbon emissions caused by cattle rearing, chemical fertilizer, and early rice cultivation, and the sum of the four reaches 84.53% of the total agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province. (2) The intensity and total amount of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province showed regional differences. The total amount and intensity of less economically developed areas were mainly high and second-highest, whereas economically developed areas were mainly second-low and low, showing an increasing trend from the center to the edge. From 2000 to 2020, there was a decreasing trend of agricultural carbon emission intensity in both the less economically developed and economically developed regions. (3) Agricultural production efficiency, regional industrial structure, and labor force size factors played a particular role in agricultural carbon emission reduction. In contrast, agricultural-industrial structure, regional economic development level, and urbanization were the main factors for increased agricultural carbon emissions. (4) The prediction results showed that agricultural carbon emissions in Guangdong Province will continue to decline after 2023. Among the 21 prefecture-level cities, agricultural carbon emissions in Maoming and Zhanjiang still have an increasing trend after 2023, whereas agricultural carbon emissions in other cities show a yearly decreasing trend. Based on these results, we proposed relevant policy recommendations such as strengthening scientific and technological innovation, improving the agricultural policy guarantee system, and increasing the penetration rate of green technology to provide theoretical references for agricultural carbon emission reduction planning in Guangdong Province.
2023, 31(8): 1301-1310.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230009
Abstract:
Currently, the aquatic product trade plays an increasingly important role in global resources and the environment because 37% of global aquatic products are traded rather than consumed locally. Previous studies have mainly analyzed the resource and environmental costs caused by the substitution of aquatic products for livestock products. However, little is known about the impacts of aquatic product trade on the ‘resource-environment-biodiversity’ system. Here, a review was conducted using a combined method of environmental footprint and life-cycle assessment. This review focuses on (1) the changes in trade volume, trade species, and trade countries, and (2) the impact of the aquatic product trade on land use, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and biodiversity. The results showed that the export volume of aquatic products in 2020 increased five-fold compared with that in 1976, and the growth rate of trade followed a profile termed ‘fast and then stable’. The aquatic product trade has expanded from southern Europe to the rest of the world. The major trade species are capture products (including sardines, cod, and tuna). However, the share of aquaculture products in total aquatic trade products has increased linearly since 1976: from 5% in 1976 to 25% in 2020. The increase in the aquaculture product trade affects global land-use change, virtual GHG emissions, and biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Therefore, to achieve the sustainability of global aquatic products in the future, it is necessary to share advanced production technologies, optimize trade structures, and adjust trade species globally. More specifically, producers should optimize aquaculture structure, technology, and the industrial chain, and consumers should reduce the consumption and trade of aquatic products with high resource and environmental costs.
Currently, the aquatic product trade plays an increasingly important role in global resources and the environment because 37% of global aquatic products are traded rather than consumed locally. Previous studies have mainly analyzed the resource and environmental costs caused by the substitution of aquatic products for livestock products. However, little is known about the impacts of aquatic product trade on the ‘resource-environment-biodiversity’ system. Here, a review was conducted using a combined method of environmental footprint and life-cycle assessment. This review focuses on (1) the changes in trade volume, trade species, and trade countries, and (2) the impact of the aquatic product trade on land use, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and biodiversity. The results showed that the export volume of aquatic products in 2020 increased five-fold compared with that in 1976, and the growth rate of trade followed a profile termed ‘fast and then stable’. The aquatic product trade has expanded from southern Europe to the rest of the world. The major trade species are capture products (including sardines, cod, and tuna). However, the share of aquaculture products in total aquatic trade products has increased linearly since 1976: from 5% in 1976 to 25% in 2020. The increase in the aquaculture product trade affects global land-use change, virtual GHG emissions, and biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Therefore, to achieve the sustainability of global aquatic products in the future, it is necessary to share advanced production technologies, optimize trade structures, and adjust trade species globally. More specifically, producers should optimize aquaculture structure, technology, and the industrial chain, and consumers should reduce the consumption and trade of aquatic products with high resource and environmental costs.
2023, 31(8): 1311-1321.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230135
Abstract:
Priming effects of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition refer to the phenomenon of drastic short-term changes in soil organic matter turnover caused by the addition of exogenous organic materials. Priming effects are key processes that affect carbon dynamics in soil ecosystems. Although the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence and maintenance of priming effects are well understood, most previous studies have only considered the impact of the input of exogenous available organic carbon on priming effects. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are basic nutrients in soil ecosystems and their stoichiometric ratios regulate the direction and intensity of priming effects by affecting the balance of nutrient availability to microorganisms. In this paper, the research progress on the regulation of the stoichiometric ratio of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on soil priming effects is summarized, and the responses of microbial community structure and activity relevant to soil carbon turnover to different carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus input ratios are analyzed. Additionally, three mechanisms on the regulation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometric ratio on priming effects are summarized, i.e., “co-metabolism” “microbial nutrition mining”, and “stoichiometric decomposition”. It is urgent to apply the theory on the regulation of stoichiometry ratio on soil priming effects for carbon sequestration and emission mitigation in farmland, which benefits China’s “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” dual carbon strategy.
Priming effects of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition refer to the phenomenon of drastic short-term changes in soil organic matter turnover caused by the addition of exogenous organic materials. Priming effects are key processes that affect carbon dynamics in soil ecosystems. Although the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence and maintenance of priming effects are well understood, most previous studies have only considered the impact of the input of exogenous available organic carbon on priming effects. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are basic nutrients in soil ecosystems and their stoichiometric ratios regulate the direction and intensity of priming effects by affecting the balance of nutrient availability to microorganisms. In this paper, the research progress on the regulation of the stoichiometric ratio of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on soil priming effects is summarized, and the responses of microbial community structure and activity relevant to soil carbon turnover to different carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus input ratios are analyzed. Additionally, three mechanisms on the regulation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometric ratio on priming effects are summarized, i.e., “co-metabolism” “microbial nutrition mining”, and “stoichiometric decomposition”. It is urgent to apply the theory on the regulation of stoichiometry ratio on soil priming effects for carbon sequestration and emission mitigation in farmland, which benefits China’s “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” dual carbon strategy.
2023, 31(8): 1322-1329.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230367
Abstract:
Agricultural land is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O emissions are not only affected by agricultural management measures but are also closely related to the growth of crop roots. Root self-metabolism affects the formation and reduction of N2O in the rhizosphere soil and subsequently affects N2O emissions from farmland. The rhizosphere is an important interface of root-soil-microbial interactions and is the most direct and intense key area where roots affect soil N2O emissions. It is also a hotspot for soil N2O production in farmlands, and its share in farmland N2O emissions is prominent. Therefore, studies have widely focused on the mechanisms by which roots influence rhizosphere N2O emissions. In this study, relevant research was comprehensively reviewed to evaluate the research progress on the intensity of the influence of crop root growth on N2O emissions in farmland soil and the regulatory mechanisms of N2O production and emissions in the rhizosphere microdomain. Existing difficulties in studying the influence of crop root growth on N2O production and emissions in rhizosphere microdomain soil were also analyzed. Future related research is warranted. The effect of root systems on N2O emissions from farmlands is complicated and involves many factors. Many studies have shown that factors such as fertilizer application amount and type, soil nitrogen content and form, temperature, humidity, and light intensity can affect the water and nutrients extracted from soil, the conduction and secretion of photosynthetic products to the roots by regulating root growth, and change the rhizosphere microdomain aeration status and nutrients, such as the carbon and nitrogen sources that microorganisms depend on for survival. Furthermore, the community structure, quantity, and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms and their distribution in the soil are affected, which mediates the nitrification and denitrification processes of these microorganisms and affects N2O generation, reduction, and emission in the rhizosphere soil. Considering the influence of many factors, crop root growth can promote or inhibit soil N2O production and emission, and the direction and strength of its effects affect the overall N2O emission budget in farmland ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to study the regulatory effect of crop roots on soil N2O emissions and their feedback mechanisms on global warming, which is of great importance in reducing the uncertainty of global N2O emission predictions and mitigating the impact of human activities on global climate change.
Agricultural land is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O emissions are not only affected by agricultural management measures but are also closely related to the growth of crop roots. Root self-metabolism affects the formation and reduction of N2O in the rhizosphere soil and subsequently affects N2O emissions from farmland. The rhizosphere is an important interface of root-soil-microbial interactions and is the most direct and intense key area where roots affect soil N2O emissions. It is also a hotspot for soil N2O production in farmlands, and its share in farmland N2O emissions is prominent. Therefore, studies have widely focused on the mechanisms by which roots influence rhizosphere N2O emissions. In this study, relevant research was comprehensively reviewed to evaluate the research progress on the intensity of the influence of crop root growth on N2O emissions in farmland soil and the regulatory mechanisms of N2O production and emissions in the rhizosphere microdomain. Existing difficulties in studying the influence of crop root growth on N2O production and emissions in rhizosphere microdomain soil were also analyzed. Future related research is warranted. The effect of root systems on N2O emissions from farmlands is complicated and involves many factors. Many studies have shown that factors such as fertilizer application amount and type, soil nitrogen content and form, temperature, humidity, and light intensity can affect the water and nutrients extracted from soil, the conduction and secretion of photosynthetic products to the roots by regulating root growth, and change the rhizosphere microdomain aeration status and nutrients, such as the carbon and nitrogen sources that microorganisms depend on for survival. Furthermore, the community structure, quantity, and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms and their distribution in the soil are affected, which mediates the nitrification and denitrification processes of these microorganisms and affects N2O generation, reduction, and emission in the rhizosphere soil. Considering the influence of many factors, crop root growth can promote or inhibit soil N2O production and emission, and the direction and strength of its effects affect the overall N2O emission budget in farmland ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to study the regulatory effect of crop roots on soil N2O emissions and their feedback mechanisms on global warming, which is of great importance in reducing the uncertainty of global N2O emission predictions and mitigating the impact of human activities on global climate change.
2023, 31(8): 1330-1342.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230127
Abstract:
As a consequence of climate change, drought has seriously restricted global food security and sustainable agricultural development. Developing crop drought resistance not only relies on diverse genetic resources, but it is also important to explore colonizing adaptive microorganisms as well as the potential beneficial associations between plants and microbes under drought conditions. Rhizosphere microorganisms that interact closely with plants play important roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. In this study, we examined the effects of drought stress on the diversity and composition of plant rhizosphere microbial communities. In the rhizosphere, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are often significantly enriched under drought stress. Next, we addressed the mechanisms by which rhizosphere microorganisms assist plants in resisting drought stress, particularly how they regulate plant stress responses, including the secretion of plant growth regulators, synthesis of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) deaminase, production of exopolysaccharides, and enhancement of plant antioxidant enzyme activity. Finally, we suggested that exploring drought-tolerant wild relatives and their associated beneficial microbes may help microbiome-assisted plant breeding programs. In addition, the construction and application of synthetic communities of beneficial rhizosphere microbiomes may improve drought resistance and sustainable crop production in the context of global environmental change.
As a consequence of climate change, drought has seriously restricted global food security and sustainable agricultural development. Developing crop drought resistance not only relies on diverse genetic resources, but it is also important to explore colonizing adaptive microorganisms as well as the potential beneficial associations between plants and microbes under drought conditions. Rhizosphere microorganisms that interact closely with plants play important roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. In this study, we examined the effects of drought stress on the diversity and composition of plant rhizosphere microbial communities. In the rhizosphere, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are often significantly enriched under drought stress. Next, we addressed the mechanisms by which rhizosphere microorganisms assist plants in resisting drought stress, particularly how they regulate plant stress responses, including the secretion of plant growth regulators, synthesis of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) deaminase, production of exopolysaccharides, and enhancement of plant antioxidant enzyme activity. Finally, we suggested that exploring drought-tolerant wild relatives and their associated beneficial microbes may help microbiome-assisted plant breeding programs. In addition, the construction and application of synthetic communities of beneficial rhizosphere microbiomes may improve drought resistance and sustainable crop production in the context of global environmental change.
2023, 31(8): 1343-1354.
doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230094
Abstract:
Ecosystem services are closely related to human wellbeing. Ecological restoration affects ecosystem services by altering ecosystem patterns and processes. The goal of ecological restoration is to improve ecosystem services. Research regarding ecosystem services is also an important supporting tool in the entire ecological restoration process, in which ecosystem service value assessment plays an important role in ecological restoration. To identify the key scientific issues related to ecosystem service value in ecological restoration, this study revealed popular research fields and trends related to ecosystem services and their applications in ecosystem restoration based on bibliometric methods. The results highlight the role of ecosystem services in ecological restoration objectives, planning and design, and evaluation of ecological restoration effects, in which zoning management, restoration mode selection, restoration effectiveness, ecological safety patterns, and value realization are important issues. This study further clarified the application of ecosystem service value in ecological restoration, including its application in restoration objectives, zoning, restoration strategies, and effectiveness evaluation, which play important roles in ecological restoration projects. Pathways involving ecosystem service value realization and Chinese characteristic cases are then revealed. In addition, the key problems in current ecosystem service value assessment are introduced, including study boundary conditions, spatial and temporal scales, method and model selection, and parameter uncertainty. The key issues in the study of ecosystem service value in ecological restoration are to ensure the matching and accuracy of the ecosystem service value evaluation system, as well as the mechanism for realizing ecosystem service value. Future research should strengthen the selection of indicators for assessing the value of total ecosystem services in the ecological restoration process, tradeoffs and synergies in the value of ecosystem services, the win-win situation of the ecological, economic, and the social benefits of ecosystem services.
Ecosystem services are closely related to human wellbeing. Ecological restoration affects ecosystem services by altering ecosystem patterns and processes. The goal of ecological restoration is to improve ecosystem services. Research regarding ecosystem services is also an important supporting tool in the entire ecological restoration process, in which ecosystem service value assessment plays an important role in ecological restoration. To identify the key scientific issues related to ecosystem service value in ecological restoration, this study revealed popular research fields and trends related to ecosystem services and their applications in ecosystem restoration based on bibliometric methods. The results highlight the role of ecosystem services in ecological restoration objectives, planning and design, and evaluation of ecological restoration effects, in which zoning management, restoration mode selection, restoration effectiveness, ecological safety patterns, and value realization are important issues. This study further clarified the application of ecosystem service value in ecological restoration, including its application in restoration objectives, zoning, restoration strategies, and effectiveness evaluation, which play important roles in ecological restoration projects. Pathways involving ecosystem service value realization and Chinese characteristic cases are then revealed. In addition, the key problems in current ecosystem service value assessment are introduced, including study boundary conditions, spatial and temporal scales, method and model selection, and parameter uncertainty. The key issues in the study of ecosystem service value in ecological restoration are to ensure the matching and accuracy of the ecosystem service value evaluation system, as well as the mechanism for realizing ecosystem service value. Future research should strengthen the selection of indicators for assessing the value of total ecosystem services in the ecological restoration process, tradeoffs and synergies in the value of ecosystem services, the win-win situation of the ecological, economic, and the social benefits of ecosystem services.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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