Effects of nitrogen fertilizer level on straw carbon sequestration and soil organic carbon stock under straw returning
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摘要:
土壤有机碳(SOC)库在养分循环和缓解全球温室效应方面起重要作用。为了探究氮肥对秸秆碳在土壤中的转化以及SOC库的影响, 本研究采用盆栽试验, 向不同施氮水平[0 kg(N)∙hm−2 (N0)、120 kg(N)∙hm−2 (N120)、240 kg(N)∙hm−2 (N240)、360 kg(N)∙hm−2 (N360)]的稻田土壤中添加13C标记的小麦秸秆, 在水稻成熟后采集土样测定不同碳组分含量以及δ13C值, 并分析土壤微生物群落组成。研究结果显示, 与N0处理相比, N240和N360处理中SOC显著提高7.8%和7.4%, 全氮显著提高37.2%和34.3%, 溶解性有机碳显著提高33.7%和48.6%, 微生物量碳显著提高97.9%和89.6%; 但土壤碳氮比显著降低21.6%和20.0%。相比N0处理, N120处理的SOC、全氮、碳氮比和溶解性有机碳并没有显著差异, 但显著提高微生物量碳的含量。此外, 秸秆还田条件下施用氮肥使细菌含量显著提高24.7%~55.4%, 真菌含量显著提高18.3%~30.2%, 总磷脂脂肪酸含量显著提高18.1%~45.2%。施用氮肥提高>2000 μm和250~2000 μm团聚体的占比以及游离态颗粒有机碳(fPOC)和微团聚内颗粒有机碳(iPOC)组分的有机碳储量, 同时分别显著增加了fPOC和iPOC组分中δ13C值128.3%~194.8%和105.6%~216.9%。但是在高氮(N360)处理下, 除fPOC组分外, 其他各有机碳组分储量未持续增加。结构方程表明, 施用氮肥可通过增加溶解性有机碳含量, 增加土壤中fPOC组分中有机碳储量, 或者促进微生物群落活性增加iPOC组分中有机碳储量来提高SOC含量。本研究结果表明, 秸秆还田条件下施用适量氮肥能够促进秸秆碳在土壤中的固定并且增加SOC含量。
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling and mitigating global greenhouse gas effects. This study aimed to assess the influence of nitrogen fertilizer on straw carbon dynamics in soil and its implications for SOC accumulation. A pot experiment was conducted using paddy soil with wheat straw returning subjected to varying nitrogen application levels [0, 120, 240, 360 kg(N)∙hm−2], denoted as N0, N120, N240, and N360, respectively. 13C-labeled wheat straw was applied, and soil samples were collected after rice maturity to analyze various carbon fractions, δ13C values, and soil microbial community composition. The results demonstrated that compared to the N0 treatment, SOC content significantly increased by 7.8% and 7.4% in the N240 and N360 treatments, respectively. Total nitrogen content significantly increased by 37.2% and 34.3%, dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 33.7% and 48.6%, and microbial biomass carbon significantly increased by 97.9% and 89.6%, respectively. However, compared to N0 treatment, soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratios significantly decreased by 21.6% and 20.0% in N240 and N360 treatments, respectively. In the N120 treatment, no significant differences were observed in SOC, total nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, or dissolved organic carbon compared to the N0 treatment, although microbial biomass carbon content was significantly higher. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization with straw return significantly increased bacterial content by 24.7% to 55.4%, fungal content significantly increased by 18.3% to 30.2%, and total phospholipid fatty acid content significantly increased by 18.1% to 45.2%. Application of nitrogen fertilizer also enhanced the proportion of >2000 μm and 250–2000 μm aggregates, as well as the organic carbon stock in the free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) fractions. Additionally, δ13C values in the fPOC and iPOC fractions significantly increased by 128.3% to 194.8% and 105.6% to 216.9%, respectively. However, at the highest nitrogen level [360 kg(N)∙hm−2], the stocks of organic carbon fractions, except for the fPOC fraction, did not continue to increase. Structural equation modeling indicated that nitrogen fertilizer application enhanced SOC content by increasing dissolved organic carbon, augmenting organic carbon stock in the fPOC fraction, or stimulating microbial activity to boost organic carbon in the iPOC fraction. This study underscores the potential of judicious nitrogen fertilizer application under straw return to enhance straw carbon sequestration in soil and elevate soil organic carbon levels.
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图 3 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥水平对土壤有机碳(SOC)组分δ13C值的影响
N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。fPOC: 游离态颗粒有机碳; iPOC: 微团聚体内颗粒有机碳; iSOC: 微团聚体内粉黏粒有机碳; fSOC: 游离态粉黏粒有机碳。相同有机碳组分不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. fPOC: free particulate organic carbon; iPOC: intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon; iSOC: silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon within microaggregates; fSOC: free silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon. Different lowercase letters of the same organic carbon fraction mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure 3. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels under straw returning on δ13C values of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions
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图 1 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥水平对土壤团聚体组成的影响
N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。同一团聚体粒径不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. Different lowercase letters for the same size of soil aggregates mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure 1. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels under straw returning on soil aggregates composition
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图 2 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥水平对土壤不同有机碳组分储量的影响
N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。fPOC: 游离态颗粒有机碳; iPOC: 微团聚体内颗粒有机碳; iSOC: 微团聚体内粉黏粒有机碳; fSOC: 游离态粉黏粒有机碳。相同有机碳组分不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. fPOC: free particulate organic carbon; iPOC: intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon; iSOC: silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon within microaggregates; fSOC: free silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon. Different lowercase letters of the same organic carbon fraction mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure 2. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels under straw returning on stocks of different soil organic carbon fractions
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图 4 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥处理对土壤有机碳影响的结构方程模型
SOC: 土壤有机碳; fPOC: 游离态颗粒有机碳; iPOC: 微团聚体内颗粒有机碳。实线和虚线分别表示正相关路径和负相关路径。*、**和***分别表示在P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001水平显著。用总磷脂脂肪酸含量表示土壤微生物群落。SOC: soil organic carbon; fPOC: free particulate organic carbon; iPOC: intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon. The solid and dashed lines represent positive and negative paths, respectively. *, ** and *** mean significance at P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001 levels, respectively. Soil microbial community was represented by total phospholipid fatty acid content.
Figure 4. Structural equation model of the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon under straw returning
表 1 不同处理每个盆栽桶中肥料和秸秆施用量
Table 1 Fertilizer and straw applied amounts in each pot bucket of different treatments
处理
Treatment氮肥
Nitrogen fertilizer (g)磷肥
Phosphorus fertilizer (g)钾肥
Potassium fertilizer (g)秸秆
Straw (g)N0 0 0.41 0.81 20.35 N120 0.54 0.41 0.81 20.35 N240 1.09 0.41 0.81 20.35 N360 1.63 0.41 0.81 20.35 N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. 
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表 2 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥水平对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2 Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels under straw returning on soil physicochemical properties
处理
Treatment土壤有机碳
Soil organic carbon
(g∙kg−1)全氮
Total nitrogen
(g∙kg−1)碳氮比
Carbon-to-nitrogen
ratio in soil溶解性有机碳
Dissolved organic carbon
(mg∙kg−1)微生物量碳
Microbial biomass carbon
(mg∙kg−1)pH N0 17.66±0.38b 1.37±0.05b 12.93±0.57a 155.76±15.72b 165.48±9.21c 6.67±0.13a N120 18.47±0.60ab 1.53±0.12b 12.09±0.97a 168.72±18.58b 221.36±26.15b 6.63±0.07a N240 19.03±0.42a 1.88±0.10a 10.14±0.52b 208.18±8.50a 327.52±15.72a 6.53±0.06ab N360 18.97±0.85a 1.84±0.14a 10.35±0.85b 231.41±22.98a 313.74±35.33a 6.45±0.02b N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
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表 3 秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥水平对土壤微生物群落的影响
Table 3 Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels under straw returning on soil microbial communities
处理
Treatment细菌
Bacteria
(nmol∙g−1)真菌
Fungi
(nmol∙g−1)放线菌
Actinomycetes
(nmol∙g−1)真菌/细菌
Fungi/bacteria革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌
Gram-positive bacteria/
Gram-negative bacteria总磷脂脂肪酸
Total phospholipid fatty acid
(nmol∙g−1)N0 39.93±0.22c 13.80±0.10c 13.61±0.14b 0.35±0.10a 0.70±0.01a 90.28±0.53c N120 49.80±2.53b 17.64±0.04ab 14.32±0.75b 0.35±0.02a 0.65±0.02b 106.62±5.75b N240 60.94±2.31a 17.97±1.03a 19.05±1.05a 0.29±0.01b 0.63±0.02b 131.11±5.34a N360 62.05±3.75a 16.33±1.19b 17.89±1.02a 0.26±0.01c 0.64±0.04b 129.47±7.29a N0、N120、N240和N360的氮肥施用量分别为0 kg(N)∙hm−2、120 kg(N)∙hm−2、240 kg(N)∙hm−2和360 kg(N)∙hm−2。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。N0, N120, N240 and N360 are treatments of N fertilizer rates of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg(N)∙hm−2, respectively. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
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表 4 土壤生物和非生物特性与土壤有机碳(SOC)组分储量和δ13C值的相关性
Table 4 Correlation of soil abiotic and biotic properties with stocks and δ13C of different soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions
fPOC iPOC iSOC fSOC δ13C-SOC δ13C-fPOC δ13C-iPOC δ13C-iSOC δ13C-fSOC 土壤有机碳
Soil organic carbon0.733** 0.661* −0.197 0.622* 0.717** 0.701* 0.704* 0.678* 0.634* 全氮
Total nitrogen0.637* 0.742** −0.431 0.359 0.766** 0.774** 0.827** 0.737** 0.701* 溶解性有机碳
Dissolved organic carbon0.762** 0.509 −0.511 0.278 0.792** 0.760** 0.819** 0.776** 0.770** 微生物量碳
Microbial biomass carbon0.519 0.724** −0.656* 0.088 0.816** 0.841** 0.892** 0.809** 0.775** pH −0.808** −0.564 0.336 −0.340 −0.669* −0.641* −0.697* −0.656* −0.650* 细菌
Bacteria0.703* 0.744** −0.493 0.273 0.862** 0.876** 0.911** 0.847** 0.793** 真菌
Fungi0.320 0.479 −0.295 0.045 0.733** 0.788** 0.714** 0.739** 0.663* 放线菌
Actinomyces0.594* 0.779** −0.543 0.324 0.795** 0.786** 0.866** 0.769** 0.774** 革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌
Gram-positive bacteria/
Gram-negative bacteria−0.243 −0.461 0.623* 0.241 −0.674* −0.744** −0.711** −0.700* −0.627* 总磷脂脂肪酸
Total phospholipid fatty acid0.655* 0.766** −0.521 0.258 0.853** 0.867** 0.910** 0.838** 0.797** fPOC: 游离态颗粒有机碳; iPOC: 微团聚体内颗粒有机碳; iSOC: 微团聚体内粉黏粒有机碳; fSOC: 游离态粉黏粒有机碳; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01。fPOC: free particulate organic carbon; iPOC: intra-microaggregate particulate organic carbon; iSOC: silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon within microaggregates; fSOC: free silt-clay sized fraction organic carbon; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.
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