Actuality and factors influencing farmer adoption of mechanized harvesting in typical maize ecoregions
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摘要: 为了认识和了解我国目前玉米主要生态区机械收获现状及影响农户采用机械收获行为的因素, 指出需要解决的关键问题, 为进一步推行玉米机械收粒技术、提高玉米生产的全程机械化水平提供理论依据和实践指导, 本研究围绕玉米种植生态区(东北、西北、黄淮海)、玉米种植水平和规模、玉米生产者的角色人群(农户、合作社、农业技术人员), 以问卷的形式, 调查不同生态区玉米机械收获情况和农户对机械收获的认识和了解, 探究其内在的影响因素和行为特征。结果表明, 玉米机械收获技术的采用存在明显区域差异, 东北的黑龙江和西北的新疆玉米产区机收比例最高, 农户采用率高达83.11%以上; 黄淮海的河南次之, 平均为54.72%, 东北的吉林最低, 平均为21.51%。新疆兵团、黑龙江垦区部分农场的玉米收获以机械收粒为主, 主要影响因素是种植规模大(6.67 hm2以上), 机械收粒售卖更为方便、成本投入也低, 因此被大规模采用。黑龙江垦区部分农场(友谊农场)、黑龙江省和河南省玉米收获以机械收穗、晾干后脱粒为主, 该类地区, 品种、机具、烘干、售卖条件配套明显不足, 收获快捷、方便存放是农户选择机械收穗的主要原因。吉林等人工收获较多的地区, 普遍存在种植规模较小、地块零散、农户传统观念意识强、不易接受新事物; 机收采用者仅限于家庭经济水平较高、有固定职业、有副业收入或农机具的农户; 地块规模小、种植效益低、家庭经济水平低是导致其机收采用率低的主要原因。综上, 耕地经营规模和效益是玉米机械收获技术推行的关键, 政府、科研单位、企业需因地制宜加强协作, 从政策上、技术上、经济上和观念上给予扶助引导, 逐步提高我国玉米的机收效率和全程机械化水平。Abstract: To understand the current situation and limiting factors of application of mechanical harvesting of maize, and improve the mechanization level of whole process of maize production in China, this paper investigated the adoption of mechanical harvesting of maize in the main maize planting ecological regions (Helongjiang and Jilin in Northeast region, Xinjiang in Northwest region and Henan in Huanghuaihai region) through questionnaire survey. The influencing factors of adoption of mechanical harvesting, key problems in different regions and of different maize producers (farmers, cooperatives and agricultural technicians) were discussed. The results showed significant differences among regions in the use of mechanical harvesting of maize; the proportion of area where mechanized harvesting was used was highest in Heilongjiang and Xinjiang, with a >83.11% adoption rate. The adoption rate of Henan was 54.72% and that of Jilin was 21.51%, which was the lowest. Mechanized kernel harvesting was largely used in Xinjiang and in some farms in Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation, which was mainly due to the large planting scale (>6.67 hm2), harvest convenience, and low cost. Mechanized ear harvesting and threshing after drying was the main form of maize harvesting in Youyi Farm of Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation, most areas in Heilongjiang, and part of Huanghuaihai. Factors limiting the application of mechanized kernel harvesting in these areas included unsuitable maize cultivars for mechanical harvesting, no professional kernel-harvesting machine, drying-storage needed for immature grains. However, in these area, the time- and labor-saving and harvested ears easily to be store promoted farmers to adopt mechanized ear harvesting. In Jilin and some areas with small planting scale, artificial harvest still was used due to scattered block and strong habit of traditional practices. Farmers with higher incomes, fixed occupation, ancillary revenue, or agricultural implements were willing to adopt mechanized harvesting. Small farmland, low planting benefit and low family income were the main reasons for the low adoption rate of mechanized harvesting in the investigated regions. The investigation results suggested that planting area, ratio of maize revenue to family income, years using mechanized ear harvesting, marketing ways significantly influenced the diffusion and extension of mechanized harvesting technology. Further expansion of planting area and facilitating direct-selling of grains after harvest will highly significantly affect the behavior of farmers adopting mechanized kernel harvesting. To sum up, the scale and benefit of cultivated land management is the key to the implementation of maize mechanical harvesting technology. The government, scientific institutions and enterprises should strengthen cooperation according to local conditions, and give assistance and guidance from policy, technology, economy and concept, gradually improve the harvest efficiency and the whole mechanization level of maize in China.
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表 1 问卷调查基本情况
Table 1 Basic situation of questionnaire
生态区
Ecoregion省份
Province市(县、区)
City (county, district)有效样本(无效样本)
Valid sample (invalid sample)东北春玉米区
Northeast spring maize region黑龙江地方
Heilongjiang龙江, 富裕, 克山
Longjiang, Fuyu, Keshan137(5) 黑龙江农垦
Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation友谊农场, 852农场
Youyi Farm, 852 Farm69 吉林 Jilin 农安, 榆树, 伊通
Nong’an, Yushu, Yitong56 西北春玉米区
Northwest spring maize region新疆 Xinjiang 奇台, 塔城, 温泉, 新源, 伊宁
Qitai, Tacheng, Wenquan, Xinyuan, Yining114(2) 黄淮海夏玉米区
Huanghuaihai summer maize region河南 Henan 新乡七星镇, 鹤壁浚县, 驻马店遂平
Qixing Town in Xinxiang City, Xun County in Hebi City, Suiping County in Zhumadian City89(2) 合计 Total 465(9) 
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表 2 玉米典型生态区不同收获方式农户采用率
Table 2 Farmers’ adoption rates of different harvesting methods in the typical ecological regions of maize
生态区
Ecological
region省份
Province市(县、区)
City (county, district)收获方式采用率
Adoption rate of harvesting method (%)人工
Artificial
harvesting机械收穗
Mechanized ear
harvesting机械收粒
Mechanized kernel
harvesting机收
Mechanized
harvesting东北春玉米区
Northeast spring maize region黑龙江垦区
Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation友谊农场
Youyi Farm0 90.53 9.47 100.00 852农场
852 Farm0 0 100 .00 100.00 黑龙江地方
Heilongjiang龙江 Longjiang 16.89 83.11 0 83.11 富裕 Fuyu 10.22 89.78 0 89.78 克山 Keshan 4.60 84.50 10.90 95.40 吉林
Jilin榆树 Yushu 68.02 31.98 0 31.98 农安 Nong’an 79.78 20.22 0 20.22 伊通 Yitong 87.68 12.32 0 12.32 西北春玉米区
Northwest spring maize region新疆
Xinjiang奇台 Qitai 3.36 38.80 57.84 96.64 塔城、温泉
Tacheng, Wenquan0 0 100.00 100.00 新源-兵团
Xinyuan-Corps0 0 100 100 新源-地方 Xinyuan 16.82 0 83.18 83.18 伊宁 Yining 51.52 48.48 0 48.48 黄淮海夏玉米区
Huanghuaihai summer maize region河南
Henan新乡 Xinxiang 9.04 90.96 0.00 90.96 鹤壁 Hebi 36.39 63.61 0.00 53.61 驻马店 Zhumadian 80.40 18.51 1.09 19.60
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表 3 影响农户采用不同玉米收获方式的行为因素及其选择率
Table 3 Behavior factors and selection rates of different harvest methods of maize of farmers
% 行为影响因素
Behavioral factors以机械收粒为主的地区
Areas mainly with mechanized kernel harvesting以机械收穗为主的地区
Areas mainly with mechanized ear harvesting以人工收穗较多的地区
Areas mainly with artificial harvesting852农场
852 Farm新源
Xinyuan温泉
Wenquan塔城
Tacheng奇台
Qitai平均
Average友谊农场
Youyi Farm龙江
Longjiang富裕
Fuyu克山
Keshan新乡
Xinxiang平均
Average伊通
Yitong农安
Nong’an榆林
Yulin伊宁
Yining鹤壁
Hebi驻马店Zhumadian 平均
Average人工收获
Artificial harvest没有收获机具或不到位
No harvest machine or machine not in place— 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 1.4 机收费用偏高
High cost of machine harvesting— 20.0 — — 0.0 10.0 — 0.0 25.0 0.0 33.3 14.6 81.3 62.5 55.0 20.0 66.7 91.7 62.8 机收质量不好, 省时不省工, 秸秆难处理
Low quality of machine harvesting, saving time but no saving labor, with difficulty in straw treatment— 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 丢粒丢穗扔秆, 损失大
Loss of grain, ear and stalk resulting in great loss— 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 8.3 93.8 75.0 99.9 40.0 16.7 99.9 70.9 规模小, 劳力够 Small scale, enough labor — 80.0 — — 99.9 90.0 — 30.0 0.0 99.9 83.3 53.3 18.8 0.0 15.0 40.0 50.0 25.0 24.8 芯秆留用(取暖、饲用)
Maize cob and straw retention for heating and feeding— 80.0 — — 99.9 90.0 — 60.0 99.9 0.0 0.0 40.0 93.8 99.9 55.0 99.9 0.0 0.0 58.1 其他客观条件, 气候或地势不易机收
Other objective conditions, climate or terrain are not easy to machine harvest— 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 3.8 机械收穗
Mechanized ear harvesting年龄大, 干不动了 Too old to work — — — — 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 没有收粒机具或不到位
No harvest machine or machine not in place— — — — 50.0 50.0 44.4 36.8 25.0 50.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 规模大, 机收比雇人便宜
Large scale, low cost of machine harvesting compared with hiring labour— — — — 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 50.0 3.0 22.6 66.7 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 19.0 收粒水大破碎多扔芯, 也不好卖
High moisture content of grain, much broken grains, and core wasting, difficult to sell— — — — 0.0 0.0 91.7 8.8 0.0 0.0 6.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 收穗易存放, 自家留用或待高价卖
Ear harvesting is easy to store and can be kept at home or sold at a high price— — — — 50.0 50.0 44.4 80.7 0.0 25.0 0.0 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 比人工省时省力
Save time and labour than artificial harvest— — — — 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 75.0 75.0 93.9 86.0 66.7 99.9 99.9 99.9 79.2 99.9 90.9 邻里效应, 朋友或邻居都在用
Neighborhood effect, used by friends or neighbors— — — — 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 1.4 自家或朋友有机器
Own or friends have machines— — — — 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.6 0.0 0.0 12.1 10.9 33.3 50.0 42.9 0.0 8.3 66.7 33.5 其他(厂家需要, 秋整地, 占晒场, 还贷等)
Others (required by manufacturers, land preparation in autumn, occupation of sunning yard, loan repayment, etc.)— — — — 0.0 0.0 88.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 机械收粒 Mechanized kernel harvesting 年龄大干不动了 Too old to work 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 — — 0.0 — 0.0 — — — — — — — 规模大, 收粒费用低, 收售方便
Large scale, low cost, convenient for harvest and sale93.3 90.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 96.6 99.0 — — 99.9 — 99.5 — — — — — — — 自家有机器 Own machine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 — — 0.0 — 16.7 — — — — — — — 邻里效应, 朋友或邻居在用
Neighborhood effect, used by friends or neighbors26.7 25.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 15.3 66.7 — — 0.0 — 33.3 — — — — — — — 其他 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — — — — — — —
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