优化施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系产量、养分平衡与生态环境效益的影响

Effects of optimized fertilization on yield, nutrient balance, and eco-environmental benefits in wheat-maize rotation system

    摘要
  • 摘要: 小麦-玉米轮作是华北平原主要的种植模式, 对保障我国粮食安全起着关键作用。本文系统研究了不施肥(CK)、优化施肥(OPT)和农户习惯施肥(FP)方式连续8年对小麦-玉米轮作体系产量、养分平衡、温室气体排放和经济效益的影响。结果表明, 小麦季、玉米季和周年轮作中, OPT较FP产量分别提高4.3%、5.3%和4.8%; 氮肥偏生产力分别提高39.1%、31.7%和35.9%; 磷肥偏生产力分别提高39.1%、40.4%和39.8%; 钾肥偏生产力分别降低47.8%、47.3%和47.6%; 温室气体排放量分别降低21.7%、21.1%和21.4%; 温室气体排放强度分别降低27.0%、27.5%和27.3%; 净收益分别提高11.2%、11.4%和11.3%, 农业生产成本分别降低3.7%、2.1%和3.1%, 环境修复成本分别降低28.4%、17.3%和22.1%。周年轮作中, OPT较FP氮素盈余量降低105 kg·hm−2 (46.3%); 磷素盈余量降低48 kg·hm−2 (53.3%); 钾素从亏缺1 kg·hm−2变为盈余59 kg·hm−2, 满足了作物生长需求。连续8年, OPT较FP土壤有机质含量提高5.3%, 速效钾提高12.3%, 有效磷降低27.8%。综上所述, 与农户习惯施肥(FP)相比, 优化施肥(OPT)具有高产、高收益以及环境友好的优势, 为华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系高效绿色生产提供了科学依据。

     

    Abstract: The wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain is the main planting pattern that plays a key role in ensuring food security in China. An 8-year positioning experiment with a randomized block design was performed, comprising three treatments: no-fertilizer application control (CK), optimized fertilizer (OPT), and farmers’ practices (FP). The experiments analyzed the effects of OPT and FP on the yield, nutrient balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic benefits of the wheat-maize rotation system. The results showed that the yields of OPT increased by 4.3%, 5.3%, and 4.8% compared to FP in wheat, maize, and year-round rotation, respectively. Accordingly, the partial factor productivity of N increased by 39.1%, 31.7%, and 35.9%, respectively. The partial factor productivity of P increased by 39.1%, 40.4%, and 39.8%, respectively. The partial factor productivity of K was reduced by 47.8%, 47.3%, and 47.6%, respectively. The greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 21.7%, 21.1%, and 21.4%, respectively. The greenhouse gas emission intensity was reduced by 27.0%, 27.5%, and 27.3%. Net profits increased by 11.2%, 11.4%, and 11.3%, respectively. Agronomy costs were reduced by 3.7%, 2.1%, and 3.1%, respectively. The environmental costs were reduced by 28.4%, 17.3%, and 22.1%, respectively. Compared with the FP treatment, the year-round OPT treatment reduced the surplus of nitrogen by decrement of 105 kg·hm−2, i.e., 46.3%. The surplus phosphorus was reduced by 48 kg·hm−2 i.e., 53.3%. The surplus of K of OPT and FP was 59 kg·hm−2 and −1 kg·hm−2, respectively. OPT met the requirements of crop growth better than FP. At the end of 8 years of wheat-maize rotation, the soil organic matter content in OPT treatment increased by 5.3% compared to that in FP. Compared to that of FP, available K increased and P reduced by 12.3% and 27.8%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with FP treatment, OPT treatment has the advantages of high yield, high profit, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, this study provides a scientific basis for the efficient and green product.

     

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