Synergy between ecological and economic benefits of grassland animal husbandry: Maduo County, Qinghai Province as an example
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摘要: 青海省草地资源丰富, 但受人口增长、气候变化等因素的影响, 草地面临大规模退化。受传统、文化、生态等因素影响, 高寒牧区牲畜出栏时间普遍较晚, 这种传统的畜牧业生产经营模式导致草地超载, 进一步加剧了草地退化。为探寻兼顾经济效益与生态效益的畜牧方案, 本研究以青海省果洛藏族自治州玛多县为例, 基于实地调研收集的2012—2021年畜牧业统计数据与牧户信息, 根据IPCC提供的家畜能量需求计算方法估算发现, 玛多县近10年畜牧业生产消耗的牧草量为44.30万t∙a−1, 与其草地生态承载量37.76万t∙a−1相比超载17.34%。其中, 由于牲畜出栏晚导致的牧草浪费达13.69万t∙a−1, 占牧草消耗量的30.90%。本研究进一步设置了“牲畜出栏量不变-提前出栏”和“牲畜存栏量不变-提前出栏”两种假设优化情景, 计算了不同优化情景下的牧草消耗量和肉产量。结果显示, 若提早牲畜出栏年龄, 可将玛多县平均草料转化率(即每万吨牧草干物质可生产的肉产量)较当前水平提高23%~86%; 同时, 在不超过草地生态承载力的前提下, 肉产品增产潜力相比当前水平最高可达58%, 可提高畜牧业产值6226万元。Abstract: Human activities and climate change pose increasing threats to the sustainability of the vast grasslands of Qinghai Province. Delayed slaughtering of livestock is common in alpine pastures because of the traditions and culture of the local people and ecological constraints, such as low temperatures. This traditional livestock husbandry system has led to grassland overload and subsequent degradation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore an optimal strategy for the development of livestock husbandry that accounts for both economic and ecological benefits. Maduo County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, is considered an example. Combining the statistics from the period of 2012−2021, the behavior data collected from field interviews with herdsmen, and the methodology in calculating energy and feed requirements from the IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, we derived an annual grass biomass consumption of 4.430×105 t∙a−1 over the past ten years, with an overload rate of 17.34% compared to the carrying capacity of grassland ecosystem in Maduo County (3.776×105 t∙a−1). From the grass biomass consumption (i.e., 1.369×105 t∙a−1), 30.90% was forage waste caused by the herdsmen being “reluctant to sell” and delayed slaughtering. We further set up two optimal scenarios, “maintaining livestock slaughtering numbers at current level + accelerating slaughtering” and “maintaining livestock stocking numbers at current level + accelerating slaughtering”, to exploit the potential for increasing meat production. We found that if livestock were slaughtered or sold earlier, the production efficiency of animal husbandry in Maduo County could increase by 23%−86%. The potential to increase the yield of meat products could reach 58% with a livestock sector GDP increase of 62.26 million Yuan while grass forage consumption was still below the ecological carrying capacity. This study provides a pivotal case study that exploits potential ways to balance the ecological and economic benefits of alpine pasture systems.
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图 1 玛多县地形概况与可利用牧草分布
Figure 1. Topographic feature and available pasture of Maduo County
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图 2 玛多县典型牲畜牦牛(A)和藏系绵羊(B)消化能随体重的变化
虚线端点表示每个生长季结束、牲畜出栏时的体重及累积消耗的消化能, 虚线的斜率越小代表当年生产效率越高, 端点与零点连线的斜率越小代表累积生产效率越高。Dashed endpoints show the live weight and cumulative digestible energy consumed at the end of each growing season and at the time of slaughter of livestock. The smaller the slope of the dashed line represents the higher production efficiency of the year, and the smaller the slope of the line connecting the endpoints and the zero point represents the higher cumulative production efficiency.
Figure 2. Change in digestable energy of typical livestock yak (A) and Tibetan sheep (B) with live weight in Maduo County
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图 3 玛多县典型牲畜公牦牛(A)和公藏系绵羊(B)日体重变化曲线
点a为现实情景出栏, 点b为情景1、2出栏。Point a shows slaughtering under reality scenario; Point b shows slaughtering under scenario 1 and 2.
Figure 3. Daily live weight curves of typical livestock male yak (A) and male Tibetan sheep (B) in Maduo County
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图 4 玛多县2012—2021年逐年归一化植被指数(NDVI)月波动
Figure 4. Monthly variations of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) of Maduo County from 2012 to 2021
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图 5 现实情景下玛多县牧草消耗量(A)和牧草消耗比例(B)
MW: 公畜浪费牧草; MN: 公畜非浪费牧草消耗; FN: 母畜非浪费牧草消耗。MW: waste of forage consumption by male animals; MN: non-wasteful pasture consumption by male animals; FN: non-wasteful pasture consumption by female animals.
Figure 5. Forage consumption (A) and forage consumption ratio (B) of Maduo County in reality
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图 6 不同情景玛多县畜牧业生产状况[牧草消耗量(A)和肉产量(B)]
Figure 6. Forage consumption (A) and meat production (B) of livestock production under different scenarios for Maduo County
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图 7 不同情景玛多县畜牧业生产效率比较
Figure 7. Comparison of livestock production efficiency under different scenarios for Maduo County
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图 8 不同情景年龄结构玛多县畜牧业生产潜力
生产潜力指保持3种情景的年龄结构不变、调整其养殖规模, 在不超过草地承载力前提下所能达到的最大肉产量。
Figure 8. Livestock production potential under scenarios with different age structures for Maduo County
The production potential refers to the maximum meat production that can be achieved by keeping the age structure of the three scenarios unchanged and adjusting their breeding scale without exceeding the carrying capacity of the grassland.
表 1 玛多县不同类型不同年龄牦牛的消化能消耗
Table 1 Digestable energy consumption of different types of yaks in different ages in Maduo County
×103 MJ∙a−1∙head−1 类型
Type年龄 Age 1 2 3 4 5 ≥6 公牛不出栏 Bull-not-slaughtered 14.38 35.86 48.98 67.71 75.48 76.09 公牛出栏 Bull-slaughtered 37.66 52.01 59.29 59.90 母牛非哺乳 Cow-no-lactation 12.10 30.93 47.16 53.51 54.72 54.85 母牛哺乳 Cow-lactation 49.35 58.99 58.94 60.41 母牛出栏 Cow-slaughtered 43.23 
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表 2 玛多县不同类型不同年龄藏系绵羊的消化能消耗
Table 2 Digestable energy consumption of different types of Tibetan sheep in different ages in Maduo County
×103 MJ∙a−1∙head−1 类型
Type年龄 Age 1 2 3 4 ≥5 公羊不出栏 Ram-not-slaughtered 5.66 4.77 5.87 6.21 6.23 公羊出栏 Ram-slaughtered 3.99 4.96 5.11 5.09 母羊非哺乳 Ewe-no-lactation 4.37 4.58 4.99 5.77 5.22 母羊哺乳 Ewe-lactation 4.74 5.55 6.62 6.08 母羊出栏 Ewe-slaughtered 4.83 4.25
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