Abstract: Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a destructive soil-borne disease that is present worldwide. It is wide spread, extremely harmful, and difficult to control. Peanut is an important oil source and cash crop in China, and it has been seriously damaged by bacterial wilt. In recent years, the damage of peanut caused by bacterial wilt has been further aggravated by continuous cropping, which seriously threatens the development of the peanut industry. In this review, we considered the harm caused by bacterial wilt in peanuts, its soil micro-ecological characteristics, and control methods as the starting point; and summarized the occurrence, pathogenic bacteria, pathogenesis, and control measures of bacterial wilt in peanuts. First, we systematically and comprehensively summarized four classification methods for R. solanacearum and concluded the pathogenesis of bacterial wilt in peanuts. Second, based on the common soil characteristics of continuous cropping and bacterial wilt in peanuts, we analyzed the soil microenvironment and microorganisms and proposed corresponding soil micro-ecological regulation countermeasures, including soil physicochemical property regulation, soil nutrient regulation, chemical and biological pesticide addition, and use of biocontrol strains. Finally, we presented prospects for the sustainable control of bacterial wilt in peanuts based on soil micro-ecological regulations, aiming to provide references for the control of bacterial wilt in peanuts and high-quality development of the peanut industry.