Low-carbon agricultural development in the context of climate change: International experiences and China’s strategies
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摘要:
在全球共同应对气候变化的时代背景下, 探索国际视野下农业温室气体减排的先进经验, 对于中国践行气候变化国际合作倡议、推动自身农业可持续发展实现具有重要现实意义。以美国、欧盟和日本等国家为对象, 分别梳理其农业低碳发展的主要做法、最新行动和取得成效, 据此, 结合中国特色农业发展的基本理念, 提出农业低碳发展的中国策略。研究表明: 1)较之于同为新兴经济体的印度, 2020年中国在农业温室气体排放总量和人均排放量上与其相近, 但中国的单位GDP排放量[44.52 t∙(106$)−1]远低于印度[278.11 t∙(106$)−1]; 较之于同作为人口大国的美国, 中国在排放总量方面较高, 但中国的人均排放量(0.46 t∙cap.−1)明显低于美国(1.15 t∙cap.−1)。中国必须充分考虑自身作为人口大国和发展中国家的现实, 科学合理地展开农业温室气体减排目标规划。2)美国主要在法律法规完善、财政税收和减排补贴、清洁能源开发及推广、碳排放权和碳汇市场交易等方面做出积极探索, 其2020年人均农业温室气体排放量较1990年下降19.58%; 欧盟的先进做法主要体现在法律法规完善、财税支持和生态保护补偿、管理创新和技术创新等方面, 其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.03%; 日本主要在可再生能源推广、管理创新和技术创新、粮食生产保障和气候适应等方面展开行动, 其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.17%。3)农业低碳发展的中国策略旨在保障粮食供给、减少温室效应和实现生态价值。据此, 提出持续完善相关法律法规体系、加大财税扶持和绿色金融支持、加强管理创新和科技创新、加快能源结构调整和转型升级以及逐步完善碳交易市场机制5个方面的政策启示。
Abstract:In the context of a global joint response to climate change, it is of great practical significance for China to explore international experiences in agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction to implement its cooperation initiative on climate change and promote sustainable agricultural development. Taking the USA, EU, and Japan as representative countries, their main practices, latest actions, and achievements in low-carbon agricultural development were identified. By combining basic concepts with Chinese characteristics, strategies targeting low-carbon agricultural development were proposed. The research showed that: 1) Compared with India, as an emerging economy, China’s total agricultural GHG emissions and per capita emissions were similar, but China’s per GDP emissions, 44.52 t∙(106$)−1, were far lower than that of India, 278.11 t∙(106$)−1. Compared with the USA, as a populous country, China’s total GHG emissions were much higher, but its per capita emissions (0.46 t∙cap.−1) were significantly lower than that of USA (1.15 t∙cap.−1). China must fully consider its reality as a populous country and a developing economy, and scientifically and reasonably formulate emission reduction targets. 2) The USA has actively explored perfecting laws and regulations, fiscal taxation and subsidies, clean energy promotion, carbon emission rights, and carbon sink market transactions, and its per capita agricultural GHG emissions in 2020 have decreased by 19.58% compared to those in 1990. The EU’s advanced practices were mainly reflected in improvements in laws and regulations, fiscal and taxation support and ecological compensation, and innovations in management and technology; its per capita GHG emissions in 2020 decreased by 29.03% compared with those in 1990. Japan mainly launched actions in renewable energy promotion, innovations in management and technology, food production guarantees, and climate adaptation, and its per capita GHG emissions in 2020 decreased by 29.17% compared to those in 1990. 3) China’s strategies for low-carbon agricultural development aim at ensuring food supply, reducing greenhouse effects, and realizing ecological values. Given this, continuously improving relevant laws and regulations, increasing support for public finance and taxation plus green finance, strengthening innovations in management and technology, accelerating the adjustment and upgrading of the energy structure, and gradually improving the trading mechanism of the carbon market have been put forward.
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图 1 农业低碳发展经验借鉴的框架
Figure 1. Framework for experiences reference of agricultural low-carbon development
表 1 全球气候变化议程协定及中国响应行动
Table 1 Global climate change agenda agreement and situation of China’s response
年份
Year国际谈判
International negotiation主要内容
Main content中国响应行动
China’s response1992 《联合国气候变化框架公约》
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change确立国际合作应对气候变化的基本原则，主要包括“共同但有区别的责任”原则等。明确发达国家应率先减排
Establish the basic principles of international cooperation to deal with climate change, mainly including the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”. Clarify that developed countries should take the lead in reducing emissions制定《中国21世纪议程》《中国可持续发展国家报告》
Formulation of China’s Agenda 21 and The People’s Republic of China National Report on Sustainable Development1997 《京都议定书》
Kyoto Protocol设立第一承诺期内主要工业发达国家的年均温室气体排放量减排目标; 明确6种减排温室气体
Set the annual average GHGs reduction targets of major industrialized countries during the first commitment period. Identify 6 GHGs for emission reduction推动自愿减排项目清洁发展机制(CDM)的国际合作, 颁布《清洁发展机制项目运行管理暂行办法》
Promote international cooperation on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of voluntary emission reduction projects. Proclaim Interim Measures for the Operation and Management2015 《巴黎协定》
Paris Agreement设立“温控2 ℃以内”的长期目标, 提出每5年提交
一次的“国家自主贡献”计划
A long-term goal of “temperature control within 2℃”. Proposal of a submission of “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)” every 5 years启动中国气候变化南南合作基金项目; 将减排行动目标纳入国家整体发展议程
Launch the South-South Cooperation Fund for Climate Change in China; incorporate emission reduction action targets into the overall national development agenda2020 第75届联合国大会一般性辩论
General debate of the 75th United Nations General Assembly一般性辩论
General Assembly for climate change提出2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和的“双碳”目标
Proposal of the goal of peaking carbon before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 20602021 《联合国气候变化框架公约》第26次缔约方大会(COP26)
26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change推动完成《巴黎协定》实施细则后续谈判
Follow-up negotiations on the implementation rules of Paris Agreement提交《中国落实国家自主贡献成效和新目标新举措》《中国本世纪中叶长期温室气体低排放发展战略》
Submission of China’s Achievements, New Targets and New Measures in Implementing Its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, and China’s Mid-Century Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy
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表 2 发达经济体/新兴经济体代表性国家2020年农业温室气体排放量和减排承诺时间
Table 2 Agricultural greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) in 2020 and reduction commitment time for the representative countries of developed economies and emerging economies
类型
Type组织
Organization国家
Country农业温室气体
排放总量
Total agricultural GHGs emissions (Mt)人均农业温室
气体排放量
Agricultural GHG emission per capita (t∙cap.−1)单位GDP农业温室
气体排放量
Agricultural GHGs emission per GDP
[t∙(106 $)−1]碳中和时间
Carbon neutral year发达经济体
代表
Representatives of developed economies七国集团
Group of Seven
(G7)美国
United States of America382.01 1.15 18.28 2050 日本 Japan 21.86 0.17 4.34 2050 德国 Germany 58.00 0.70 15.08 2045 英国 United Kingdom 50.03 0.75 18.15 2050 法国 France 71.34 1.06 27.12 2050 意大利 Italy 33.24 0.56 17.56 2050 加拿大 Canada 63.28 1.66 38.46 2050 新兴经济体
代表
Representatives of emerging economies金砖五国
BRICS中国 China 653.97 0.46 44.52 2060 印度 India 741.92 0.54 278.11 2070 俄罗斯 Russia 104.13 0.72 69.97 2060 巴西 Brazil 518.86 2.44 358.19 2060 南非 South Africa 28.59 0.48 85.23 2050 数据来源于世界资源研究所(https://www.climatewatchdata.org/net-zero-tracker)。Data from World Resources Institute (https://www.climatewatchdata.org/net-zero-tracker).
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表 3 国外农业低碳发展做法及成效
Table 3 Practices and effects of agricultural low-carbon development in foreign countries
国家或地区
Country or region主要的激励和监管措施
Major incentive and regulatory measures取得成效
Results achieved农业温室气体变化
Changes of agricultural greenhouse gases (%)总量
Gross amount人均
Per capita美国
United States of America法律法规完善、财政税收支持、减排补贴、清洁
能源开发及推广、碳排放权和碳汇市场交易
Perfecting laws and regulations, financial and tax support, emission reduction subsidies, development and promotion of clean energy, carbon emission rights and carbon sink market transactions极大地推动了农业生产领域清洁能源的应用, 自愿碳市场积极带动了农户碳减排和碳抵消的相关行为, 探索出生物技术免耕、地质碳储存等先进技术模式
It has greatly promoted the application of clean energy in agricultural production. Voluntary carbon market has actively promoted farmers’ carbon emission reduction and carbon offset. The advanced technical modes such as biotechnology, no-tillage, and geological carbon storage have been explored+7.21 −19.58 欧盟
European Union法律法规完善、财政税收支持、生态保护补偿、
管理创新和技术创新
Perfecting laws and regulations, fiscal subsidies and tax support, ecological protection compensation,
management innovation and
technological innovation制定了科学合理的减排目标和路线图, 广泛采用了有机农业、生态农业、生物技术应用等模式, 以基于自然的解决方案有力推动了农业低碳发展
Scientific and reasonable emission reduction targets and road maps have been formulated. Organic agriculture, ecological agriculture and biotechnology application are widely adopted. The low-carbon development of agriculture has been strongly promoted by nature-based solutions−24.75 −29.03 日本
Japan可再生能源推广、管理创新、技术创新、粮食生产保障与气候适应
Promotion of renewable energy, management innovation, technological innovation, and guarantee of grain production and its climate adaptation加快了农林渔业领域应对全球变暖的目标任务进度, 开发和推广应用适应气候变化的稳产技术和品种, 增强了粮食生产应对气候变化和稳产保供的能力
Progress of tasks for responding to global warming in the fields of agriculture, forestry and fisheries has been accelerated. Stable yield technologies and varieties adapted to climate change have been developed and popularized. The ability of grain production to cope with climate change and to stabilize production and supply has been enhanced−25.47 −29.17
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