Quantitative estimation of sub-precipitation infiltration recharge of the thick vadose zone in the piedmont region of the North China Plain
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摘要:
降水入渗补给定量估算对于区域水资源评价具有重要作用。在干旱半干旱地区, 年降水入渗补给量通常取决于年内几次集中的降水特性。因而, 开展次降水入渗补给机理研究, 建立次降水入渗补给量估算方法, 有望提高干旱半干旱地区入渗补给量评估的科学性和准确性。本文以华北山前平原地下水深埋区为例, 利用中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站和河北冉庄水资源实验站实测的土壤含水量、土壤水势、地下水补给量和降水量等长序列资料校准Hydrus-1D模型, 模拟日降水入渗补给过程, 构建具有物理意义的次降水入渗补给事件划分标准, 深入研究华北山前平原地下水深埋条件下次降水入渗补给机理, 定量估算次降水入渗补给量, 建立次降水入渗补给量和次降水量间的定量关系。研究结果表明: 次降水入渗补给量具有较大的变异性, 次降水入渗补给量与次降水量或次总有效水量(次降水量+前期200 cm土壤储水量)呈显著相关关系(P<0.01), 决定系数(R2)达0.801~0.962; 但次降水入渗补给系数与次降水量无显著相关关系, 这是由于次降水入渗补给系数不能反映降水前期土壤水分条件对补给的影响。因此, 在地下水深埋区, 不建议利用次降水入渗补给系数来估算次降水入渗补给量。本研究结果对区域地下水资源评价具有重要理论意义。
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关键词:
- 华北平原 /
- 灌溉农田 /
- 次降水入渗补给 /
- Hydrus-1D模型
Abstract:The quantitative estimation of recharge by precipitation infiltration plays an important role in the evaluation of regional water resources. In arid and semi-arid areas, the annual amount of recharge by precipitation infiltration usually depends on the characteristics of several concentrated precipitation events. Therefore, research on the mechanism of sub-precipitation infiltration recharge (sub-recharge) and the establishment of an estimation method of the amount of sub-recharge can improve the scientific and accurate evaluation of annual infiltration recharge in arid and semi-arid areas. This study investigated the sub-recharge mechanism using the piedmont region of the North China Plain as an example. Large amounts of soil water content, soil matric potential, recharge flux to groundwater, and precipitation of the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LC Station), and Ranzhuang Water Resources Experiment Station, Hebei Province (RZ Station) were used. Firstly, the depth of potential recharge occurrence, that is, the zero-flux plane based on the change characteristics of the soil water potential gradient, was determined; and the patterns of precipitation infiltration recharge were analyzed. The depths of potential recharge were determined to be 2 m at the LC Station and 3 m at the RZ Station. The difference in the potential recharge occurrence depths between the two stations was mainly caused by the total water input and soil texture. Secondly, the Hydrus-1D model was calibrated and validated using the long-term soil water content, soil matric potential, and recharge flux to groundwater. Calibration results showed that the model simulated the aforementioned processes well. Daily recharge amounts in 1992–2016 were simulated using the well-calibrated and validated Hydrus-1D model. Sub-recharge classification criteria with physical significance based on the daily recharge amounts were established, that is, the criterion for two precipitation events was no precipitation for seven consecutive days. Sub-precipitation events with irrigation inputs or no more than evapotranspiration were excluded. Sixty-seven and sixty-nine sub-precipitation events in 1992–2016 were separated at the LC and RZ stations, respectively. The average number of sub-precipitation events was no more than three per year. The sub-recharge amounts showed significant variability. In LC Station, the sub-recharge amounts were 0.1−421.7 mm, with an average of 22.2 mm and a standard deviation of 57.7 mm. In RZ Station, the sub-recharge amounts were 0.4−261.9 mm, with an average of 32.0 mm and a standard deviation of 65.1 mm. Finally, the relationship between the sub-recharge amount (sub-recharge coefficient) and the sub-precipitation amount (or total effective sub-water input, i.e., the sub-precipitation amount and water storage in the 0−200 cm soil profile) was quantitatively analyzed. There was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between the sub-recharge and sub-precipitation amounts (or total effective sub-water input), with a determination coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.801 to 0.962. However, there was no significant correlation between the sub-recharge coefficient and the sub-precipitation amount (or total effective sub-water input). This is because the sub-recharge coefficient cannot reflect the impact of the previous water storage in the soil profile on the recharge amount. The results of this study are theoretically significant for the evaluation of regional groundwater resources.
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图 1 栾城站和冉庄站位置 (a)及栾城站土壤水分要素观测竖井 (b)和冉庄站地中蒸渗仪(c)示意图
Figure 1. Locations of Luancheng Station and Ranzhuang Station (a), schematics of soil water item observation instrumentation in Luancheng Station (b) and lysimeter in Ranzhuang Station (c)
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图 2 栾城站(a, b, c)和冉庄站(d, e, f)土壤水势梯度随深度变化(正值代表水分向下运动)
Figure 2. Variations of the total soil water potential gradients along depth in Luancheng Station (a, b, c) and Ranzhuang Station (d, e, f) (positive values represent the downward movement of soil water)
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图 3 栾城站(a)和冉庄站(b)土壤层年平均水分通量随深度变化
Figure 3. Variations of average annual recharge fluxes along depths in Luancheng Station (a) and Ranzhuang Station (b)
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图 4 基于Hydrus-1D模型模拟的栾城站(a)和冉庄站(b)不同深度地下水补给过程
Figure 4. Recharge process at different depths in Luancheng Station (a) and Ranzhuang Station (b) simulated by Hydrus-1D model
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图 5 栾城站(a, b)和冉庄站(c, d)次降水量和次总有效水量(次降水量+前期200 cm土壤储水量)与次降水入渗补给量的关系
Figure 5. The relationship between sub-precipitation amount and total effective sub-water input (sub-precipitation amount and previous soil water storage in 200 cm soil profile), and sub-precipitation infiltration recharge amount in Luancheng station (a, b) and Ranzhuang station (c, d)
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图 6 栾城站(a, b)和冉庄站(c, d)次降水量和次总有效水量(次降水量+前期200 cm土壤储水量)与次降水入渗补给系数的关系
Figure 6. The relationship between sub-precipitation amount and total effective sub-water input (sub-precipitation amount and previous soil water storage in 200 cm soil profile), and sub-precipitation infiltration recharge coefficient in Luancheng station (a, b) and Ranzhuang station (c, d)
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