The influence of intergenerational transmission of farming practices on organic fertilizer utilization willingness of rice producers
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摘要: 在我国以“家庭关系”为核心的传统农耕文化大背景下，稻农对有机肥的施用意愿是否受家庭内部代际传递因素的影响?既有研究尚未给出相应的证据。鉴于此，利用在湖北省实地调查获得的563份有效微观数据，运用二元Logistic模型，重点分析了互动性代际传递与示范性代际传递对稻农有机肥施用意愿的影响。研究发现：1）样本农户中，52.93%的稻农愿意施用有机肥；2）互动性传递程度每提升1个层次，稻农愿意施用有机肥的概率会下降10.10%，而示范型传递程度每提升1个层次，稻农愿意施用有机肥的概率会提升20.64%；同时，示范性传递对稻农有机肥施用意愿的影响会随互动性传递影响程度的下降而显著增强；3）互动性传递、示范型传递及其交互项是影响中青年组稻农对有机肥施用意愿的重要因子，而老年组稻农对有机肥的施用意愿主要受交互项的影响；4）稻农对有机肥的施用意愿还受土壤肥力、教育水平、农业年收入、风险感知、政策满意度的影响。因此，要正确引导父代采用相关绿色农业技术的正向示范效应，弱化父代务农经验对稻农的消极影响；适当加大教育投入，发展低风险绿色农业技术，充分发挥政府在技术支持中的引领作用，进而促进有机肥等绿色农业技术的推广应用。Abstract: In view of family based farming in China, the influence of intergenerational transmission of farm operation on rice producers' attitude toward the use of organic fertilizer was studied. A survey was conducted in Hubei Province, and data obtained from 563 households were analyzed using Binary Logistic Model. The following observations were obtained:1) 52.93% of the rice producers surveyed were willing to use organic fertilizer. 2) The likelihood for a rice producer to use organic fertilizer decreased in a slope of 0.101 with the level of interactive transmission up one grade, but increased with the level of demonstrative transmission up one grade in a slope of 0.206; the influence of demonstrative transmission was enhanced by weakened interactive transmission. 3) Young and middle-aged producers were influenced by both demonstrative and interactive transmissions independently or jointly, while elderly producers were influenced mainly when the transmissions were presented interactively. 4) Producers' attitude was also affected by land fertility, education, income, perception of risks, and policy satisfaction. These observations suggested that a producer's adoption of environmentally friendly practices in agriculture such as using organic fertilizer could be fostered by magnifying the positive effect of demonstrative transmission of parents' behaviors, education, low risk technology introduction, and governmental support, thus promoting the application of green agricultural technologies, such as organic fertilizer.
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表 1 稻农有机肥施用意愿影响因素变量的含义与描述性统计分析
Table 1 Definition and description of variables impacting rice producers' willingness to use organic fertilizer
变量类型
Variable type变量名称
Variable name变量含义与说明
Variable definition and description均值
Mean value标准差
Standard deviation因变量
Dependent variable施用有机肥意愿(y)
Willingness to use organic fertilizer是否愿意施用有机肥:是=1;否=0
Willing or unwilling to use organic fertilizer? willing = 1; unwilling = 00.529 0.499 关键自变量Key independent variables 代际传递
Intergenerational transmission factors互动性传递(x1)
Interactive transmission是否属于互动性传递:是=1;否=0
Interactive transmission: yes = 1; no = 00.375 0.484 示范性传递(x2)
Demonstrative transmission是否属于示范性传递:是=1;否=0
Demonstrative transmission: yes = 1; no = 00.119 0.324 控制变量 Control independent variables 个人变量
Individual characteristics性别(x3) Gender 男=1;女=0 Male = 1; female = 0 0.785 0.411 年龄(x4) Age 实际周岁 Age 56.746 9.684 受教育水平(x5) Educational level 实际受教育年限 Years of schooling 6.905 2.932 家庭特征变量
Households characteristics劳动力数量(x6) Labor quantity 家庭劳动力人数 Number of labors in family 3.009 1.392 土地经营规模(x7) Land acreage 家庭实际耕地面积 Land acreage in households (hm2) 0.439 0.311 土壤肥力(x8) Soil fertility 较好=1;较差=0 Good = 1; bad = 0 0.290 0.454 农业年收入(x9)
Annual farming income家庭农业年收入
Annual farming income
(×104¥ )1.171 1.161 邻里效应
Neighbors’ effect邻居的影响(x10)
Influence of neighbors是=1;否=0 Yes = 1; no = 0 0.377 0.485 其他变量
Other independent variables风险感知(x11)
Risk perception对采用绿色农业技术的风险感知程度:较高=1;较低=0
Risk perception of adopting green agricultural technologies: high = 1; low = 00.446 0.497 政策满意度(x12)
Policy satisfaction对粮食直接补贴政策的满意度, 比较满意=1;比较不满意=0
Satisfaction of direct grain subsidy: satisfaction = 1; non-satisfaction = 00.321 0.467 技术培训(x13)
Technical training是否接受过绿色农业技术培训服务:是=1;否=0
Participating in technical training: yes = 1; no = 00.094 0.292 
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表 2 不同代际传递组稻农对有机肥的施用意愿
Table 2 Rice producers' willingness to use organic fertilizer among different types of inter-generational transmission
稻农代际传递类型
Type of inter-generational transfer of rice producer组别
Group愿意Willingness to use 不愿意Non-willingness to use 户数
Households number比例
Proportion (%)户数
Households number比例
Proportion (%)互动性传递
Interactive transmission互动性传递组稻农
Interactive transmission group102 48.34 109 51.66 非互动性传递组稻农
Non-interactive transmission group196 55.68 156 44.32 示范性传递组
Demonstrative transmission示范性传递组稻农
Demonstrative transmission group46 68.66 21 31.34 非示范性传递组稻农
Non-demonstrative transmission group252 50.81 244 49.19 全体Total 298 52.93 265 47.07
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表 3 稻农有机肥施用意愿影响因素变量的多重共线性检验
Table 3 Multicollinearity test of independent variables impacting rice producers' willingness to use organic fertilizer
变量
Variable共线性统计量
Collinearity statistics容差
ToleranceVIF 示范性传递Demonstrative transmission 0.977 1.023 性别Gender 0.942 1.062 年龄Age 0.863 1.159 受教育水平Educational level 0.850 1.177 劳动力数量Labor quantity 0.965 1.037 土地经营规模Land acreage 0.613 1.631 土壤肥力Soil fertility 0.953 1.049 农业年收入Annual farming income 0.611 1.637 邻里效应Neighbors’ effect 0.961 1.041 风险感知Risk perception 0.972 1.029 政策满意度Policy satisfaction 0.943 1.060 技术培训Technical training 0.959 1.043 1)容差是VIF的倒数, 是多重共线性量度指标之一。一般地, 容差值的范围在(0, 1), 当容差值小于0.1, 即认为存在共线性问题。2)VIF(方差膨胀因子)是多重共线性重要的量度指标。一般地, VIF≥10, 即认为存在较为严重的多重共线性。1) Tolerance is the reciprocal of VIF and one of the multiple collinearity metrics. In general, the range of tolerance is (0, 1), and when the tolerance is less than 0.1, the multicollinearity problem exists. 2) VIF (variance inflation factor) is an important measurement index of multicollinearity. In general, when VIF≥10, serious multicollinearity problem exists.
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表 4 稻农有机肥施用意愿影响因素的二元Logistic回归结果
Table 4 Binary Logistic regression results of factors influencing rice producers' willingness to use organic fertilizer
变量
Variable方程(1)
Equation (1)方程(2)
Equation (2)方程(3)
Equation (3)边际效应[基于方程(3)]
Marginal effects of equation (3)方程(4)
Equation (4)边际效应[基于方程(4)]
Marginal effects of equation (4)代际传递变量
Inter- generational transmission variables互动性传递
Interactive transmission-0.330* (0.189) -0.461** (0.196) -10.100%** (0.042) -0.433** (0.199) -9.157%** (0.041) 示范性传递
Demonstrative transmission0.796*** (0.297) 0.942*** (0.305) 20.639%*** (0.065) 0.431 (0.333) 9.111% (0.070) 互动性传递×示范性传递
Interactive transmission × demonstrative transmission2.821*** (0.653) 59.637%*** (0.130) 个人特征变量
Individual characteristics性别Gender 0.374(0.377) 0.461(0.385) 0.436(0.385) 9.555%(0.084) 0.490(0.402) 10.362%(0.084) 年龄Age 0.012(0.010) 0.013(0.010) 0.012(0.010) 0.263%(0.002) 0.011(0.010) 0.226%(0.002) 受教育水平
Educational level0.185*** (0.035) 0.188*** (0.035) 0.187*** (0.036) 4.101%*** (0.007) 0.192*** (0.037) 4.050%*** (0.007) 家庭特征变量
Households characteristics劳动力数量
Labor quantity-0.045 (0.065) -0.051 (0.066) -0.051 (0.066) -1.113% (0.014) -0.069 (0.067) -1.456% (0.014) 土地经营规模
Land acreage0.007 (0.025) 0.009 (0.025) 0.012 (0.025) 0.265% (0.005) 0.015 (0.025) 0.309% (0.005) 土壤肥力
Soil fertility-0.500** (0.203) -0.489** (0.203) -0.475** (0.204) -10.403%** (0.044) -0.446** (0.208) -9.425%** (0.043) 农业年收入
Annual farming income0.175* (0.105) 0.166 (0.104) 0.169 (0.105) 3.711% (0.023) 0.182* (0.106) 3.843%* (0.022) 邻里效应
Neighbors’ effect邻里效应
Neighbors’ effect0.148 (0.188) 0.203 (0.189) 0.182 (0.190) 3.978% (0.041) 0.197 (0.193) 4.154% (0.041) 其他因素变量
Other independent variables风险感知
Risk perception-0.781*** (0.198) -0.706*** (0.197) -0.756*** (0.199) -16.558%*** (0.042) -0.790*** (0.203) -16.704%*** (0.041) 政策满意度
Policy satisfaction-0.336* (0.186) -0.327* (0.186) -0.381** (0.189) -8.343%** (0.041) -0.370* (0.192) -7.813%* (0.040) 技术培训
Technical training0.159 (0.318) 0.116 (0.316) 0.166 (0.321) 3.643% (0.070) 0.121 (0.329) 2.558% (0.069) 常数项Constant -1.704** (0.761) -2.083*** (0.765) -1.854** (0.775) -1.865** (0.794) 对数似然函数值Log likelihood -358.268 -356.002 -353.195 -343.058 Prob. > chi2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 虚拟判定系数Pseudo R2 0.080 0.086 0.093 0.119 χ2统计量LRchi2 62.010 66.540 72.160 92.430 ***、**和*分别表示自变量在1%、5%和10%水平下显著。括号内为标准误。***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% levels，respectively. Data in the parentheses are deviations.
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表 5 中青年组和老年组稻农有机肥施用意愿影响因素的回归结果
Table 5 Regression results of factors influencing willingness to use organic fertilizer of young and middle-aged producers and elderly producers
变量Variables 方程(5):中青年组(N=357)
Equation (5): young and middle-aged producers (N=357)方程(6):老年组(N=206)
Equation (6): elderly producers (N=206)代际传递因素变量
Inter-generational transmission variables互动性传递Interactive transmission -0.697***(0.250) 0.119(0.368) 示范性传递Demonstrative transmission 0.818*(0.436) -0.386(0.763) 互动性传递×示范性传递
Interactive transmission × demonstrative transmission1.760**(0.825) 4.634***(1.410) 个人特征变量
Individual characteristics性别Gender 0.379(0.532) 0.569(0.649) 年龄Age 0.220(0.018) 0.0.40(0.036) 受教育水平Educational level 0.159***(0.049) 0.227***(0.062) 家庭特征变量
Households characteristics劳动力数量Labor quantity -0.096(0.093) -0.056(0.105) 土地经营规模Land acreage 0.028(0.030) 0.003(0.050) 土壤肥力Land fertility -0.569**(0.259) -0.327(0.376) 农业年收入Annual farming income 0.102(0.121) 0.335(0.233) 邻里效应
Neighbors’ effect邻里效应Neighbors’ effect 0.331(0.248) -0.081(0.331) 其他因素变量
Other independent variables风险感知Risk perception -0.986***(0.258) -0.433(0.352) 政策满意度Policy satisfaction -0.247(0.244) -0.584*(0.333) 技术培训Technical training 0.323(0.431) -0.291(0.551) 常数项Constant -1.903*(1.057) -4.350*(2.556) 对数似然函数值Log likelihood -217.576 -118.222 Prob > chi2 0.000 0.000 虚拟判定系数Pseudo R2 0.113 0.172 χ2统计量LRchi2 55.490 48.960 ***、**和*分别表示自变量在1%、5%和10%的水平下显著; 括号内为标准误差。***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. Data in the parentheses are deviations.
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