Effect of climate, genotype, and water management on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in Hebei Plain
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摘要: 冬小麦是华北平原的主要作物，其生长受气候等环境因子和品种、管理措施等因素的共同影响。为了研究气候×基因型×水分管理互作对河北平原冬小麦产量及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响，以‘科农2009’‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’3个该区域主栽冬小麦品种为材料，于2018—2019年沿北纬38°带，选择河北平原冬小麦主产区的4个典型试验站点（衡水、南皮、栾城、南大港）进行了不同水分管理（雨养、灌溉）的大田试验。结果表明：在灌溉条件下，衡水、南皮、栾城和南大港的小麦产量分别为6 316.7kg·hm-2、5 204.1 kg·hm-2、4 356.5 kg·hm-2和2 597.7 kg·hm-2，WUE分别为1.62 kg·m-3、1.72 kg·m-3、1.36 kg·m-3和1.08 kg·m-3；在雨养条件下，南皮、栾城、衡水和南大港的小麦产量分别为2 644.4 kg·hm-2、2 602.8 kg·hm-2、2 422.3 kg·hm-2影响1 784.3 kg·hm-2，WUE分别为1.13 kg·m-3、1.10 kg·m-3、1.18 kg·m-3和1.01 kg·m-3。统计分析表明，穗数是影响产量的最主要因素，气候×水分管理互作对产量和WUE均有极显著影响（P < 0.01），气候×基因型×水分管理互作对WUE有显著影响（P < 0.05）；水分是影响产量和WUE的最重要因素。综合产量、耗水和WUE分析，在降水量偏少的年份，南皮在4个试验站点中冬小麦耗水量较少、WUE最高、产量较高。分蘖能力强的小麦品种是适宜该区域种植的潜力品种类型。Abstract: Winter wheat is the main crop in the North China Plain, and its growth is affected by weather, varieties, and management measures. Many scholars have conducted extensive research on the mechanism of winter wheat growth, but most of these studies focused on a single factor. Moreover, research was mostly conducted at the regional scale, with few studies being conducted in areas at the same latitude. To investigate the effects of weather, genotype, and water management interaction on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE), field experiments were conducted at four typical experimental sites (Hengshui, Nanpi, Luancheng and Nandagang) in the Hebei Plain in the 38° north latitude zone from 2018 to 2019. Three winter wheat varieties 'KN2009', 'GY2018' and 'SL02-1' and two water management levels-irrigation and rain-fed treatments-were used at all four sites. The soil water content was measured at 20 cm intervals in the 1.6 m soil profile before sowing and after harvest. Grain yield and yield components were also measured. Weather factors were collected from a nearby weather station 200-500 m from the experimental sites. Under irrigation conditions, grain yield was 6 316.7 kg·hm-2, 5 204.1 kg·hm-2, 4 356.5 kg·hm-2, and 2 597.7 kg·hm-2, respectively; WUE was 1.62 kg·m-3, 1.72 kg·m-3, 1.36 kg·m-3, and 1.08 kg·m-3, respectively; irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was 1.62 kg·m-3, 3.20 kg·m-3, 2.19 kg·m-3, and 1.02 kg·m-3, respectively, at Hengshui, Nanpi, Luancheng and Nandagang sites. Under rain-fed conditions, grain yield at Nanpi, Luancheng, Hengshui and Nandagang was 2 644.4 kg·hm-2, 2 602.8 kg·hm-2, 2 422.3 kg·hm-2, and 1 784.3 kg·hm-2, respectively; WUE was 1.13 kg·m-3, 1.10 kg·m-3, 1.18 kg·m-3, and 1.01 kg·m-3, respectively. Grain yield differed significantly among the four sites, while no significant difference was noted among varieties. With regard to WUE, trends differed between the irrigation and rain-fed treatments. The WUE of different sites under irrigation conditions differed significantly, while there were no significant differences among varieties. The WUE of different sites under rain-fed conditions did not differ significantly, while WUE differed to some extent among varieties. Statistical analysis of results for grain yield and yield components revealed that the number of spikes was the most important factor affecting yield, while the effects of grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight on yield were inconsistent with different sites, varieties, and water conditions. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the interaction of weather factors and water management had a highly significant effect on yield and WUE (P < 0.01), while weather factors, genotype, and water management had a significant effect on WUE (P < 0.05). Thus, the effects of climate conditions and management measures on winter wheat yield, water consumption, and WUE were significantly greater than those of variety, and water factor was the influential factor on yield and WUE. Based on comprehensive yield, water consumption, and WUE analysis, Nanpi had relatively high grain yield with low water consumption and relatively high WUE. Wheat varieties with strong tillering ability were potentially suitable for planting in this region.
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Keywords:
- Wheat variety /
- Yield /
- Water management /
- Genotype /
- Climate /
- Water use efficiency
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图 1 不同试验地点小麦试验季(2018—2019年)与多年(1994—2014年)月平均降水量和月平均温度对比
Figure 1. Comparison of monthly precipitation and temperature during winter wheat growing season between 2018-2019 and average values from 1994 to 2014
表 1 不同试验地点小麦的灌溉时期及灌溉量
Table 1 Irrigation time and irrigation amount of winter wheat at different sites
mm 站点
Site总灌溉量
Total irrigation amount灌溉时期Irrigation time 越冬期
Recovering period拔节期
Jointing stage抽穗期
Booting stage灌浆期
Grain filling stage栾城Luancheng 80 0 80 0 0 衡水Hengshui 240 0 80 80 80 南皮Nanpi 80 0 80 0 0 南大港Nandagang 80 0 80 0 0 
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表 2 不同地点和水分管理下不同小麦品种的产量、构成要素及收获指数(2018—2019年)
Table 2 Wheat yields, components and harvest indexes at different sites and irrigation treatments from 2018 to 2019
站点
Site水分管理
Water management基因型
Genotype穗数
Spike number (spikes·m-2)穗粒数
Grains per spike千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)收获指数
Harvest index产量
Yield (kg·hm-2)栾城
Luancheng灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 603b 33a 32.0a 0.45a 4 112.3b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 789a 28b 27.6b 0.45a 4 601.3a 藁优2018 GY2018 611b 29b 33.1a 0.41b 4 355.9ab 平均Mean 668 30 30.9 0.44 4 356.5 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 382c 22a 36.3b 0.47a 2 048.1c 师栾02-1 SL02-1 462a 22a 30.9c 0.47a 3 130.1a 藁优2018 GY2018 426b 19b 38.9a 0.44b 2 630.1b 平均Mean 423 21 35.4 0.46 2 602.8 衡水
Hengshui灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 644b 35a 40.5a 0.49a 6 166.7b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 765a 32b 34.1b 0.48a 6 383.4a 藁优2018 GY2018 741a 31b 41.8a 0.45b 6 400.1a 平均Mean 718 33 38.8 0.47 6 316.7 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 402b 22ab 36.8b 0.42b 2 216.7b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 427a 24a 31.0c 0.47a 2 733.3a 藁优2018 GY2018 378c 19b 38.3a 0.36c 2 316.8b 平均Mean 402 22 35.4 0.42 2 422.3 南皮
Nanpi灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 630b 33a 36.5b 0.45a 5 682.8a 师栾02-1 SL02-1 862a 30a 30.0c 0.46a 5 530.2a 藁优2018 GY2018 647b 21b 38.2a 0.41b 4 399.2b 平均Mean 713 28 34.9 0.44 5 204.1 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 415b 25a 34.3b 0.43a 2 478.3b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 458a 25a 30.3c 0.42ab 2 695.8a 藁优2018 GY2018 441a 20b 37.8a 0.39b 2 759.0a 平均Mean 438 23 34.1 0.41 2 644.4 南大港
Nandagang灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 271c 33ab 36.7a 0.48a 2 111.9b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 352a 35a 30.8b 0.48a 2 820.9a 藁优2018 GY2018 317b 31b 37.5a 0.42b 2 860.4a 平均Mean 314 33 35.0 0.46 2 597.7 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 205c 30b 36.6a 0.48a 1 603.7b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 288a 32a 30.5b 0.49a 2 155.4a 藁优2018 GY2018 241b 30b 36.5a 0.48a 1 593.8b 平均Mean 245 31 34.5 0.48 1 784.3 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一地点不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters following the same column data indicate significant differences between treatments at the same location (P < 0.05).
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表 3 不同地点、品种和水分管理下小麦产量及产量构成要素的相关分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis of yield and yield components under different sites, varieties and irrigation treatments
因素
Factor千粒重
1000-grain weight穗粒数
Grains per spike穗数
Number of spikes水分
Water灌溉Irrigation 0.293 0.106 0.770** 雨养Rain-fed -0.251 -0.329* 0.711** 品种
Variety科农2009 KN2009 0.288 0.541** 0.875** 师栾02-1 SL02-1 0.353 0.206 0.823** 藁优2018 GY2018 0.302 0.343 0.886** 地点
Site栾城Luancheng -0.642** 0.701** 0.678** 衡水Hengshui 0.415 0.764** 0.961** 南皮Nanpi 0.139 0.499* 0.837** 南大港Nandagang -0.181 -0.008 0.745** 水分处理中n = 36, 地点处理中n = 18, 品种处理中n = 24。所有处理**代表 0.01水平, *代表 0.05水平。n = 36 in water treatment, n = 18 in location treatment, and n = 24 in variety treatment. ** represents 0.01 level and * represents 0.05 level in all treatments.
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表 4 不同地点和水分管理下不同冬小麦的水分利用效率(WUE) (2018—2019年)
Table 4 Water use efficiencies at different sites and under irrigation treatments from 2018 to 2019
地点
Site水分管理
Water management基因型
Genotype降雨量
Precipitation (mm)灌溉量
Irrigation amount (mm)土壤供水量
Soil water supply (mm)农田耗水量
Farmland water consumption (mm)水分利用效率
Water use efficiency (kg·m-3)灌溉水分利用效率
Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m-3)栾城
Luancheng灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 117.9 80.0 126.4 324.3 1.27a 2.58a 师栾02-1 SL02-1 117.9 80.0 121.7 319.6 1.44a 1.84b 藁优2018 GY2018 117.9 80.0 121.3 319.2 1.36a 2.16ab 平均Mean 321.0 1.36 2.19 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 117.9 0 89.3 207.2 0.99ab 师栾02-1 SL02-1 117.9 0 117.0 234.9 1.33a 藁优2018 GY2018 117.9 0 149.0 266.9 0.99ab 平均Mean 236.3 1.10 衡水
Hengshui灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 80.7 240.0 60.1 380.8 1.62a 1.65ab 师栾02-1 SL02-1 80.7 240.0 99.8 420.5 1.52a 1.52ab 藁优2018 GY2018 80.7 240.0 54.4 375.1 1.71a 1.70a 平均Mean 392.2 1.62 1.62 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 80.7 0 126.9 207.6 1.07a 师栾02-1 SL02-1 80.7 0 129.5 210.2 1.30a 藁优2018 GY2018 80.7 0 114.8 195.5 1.18a 平均Mean 204.4 1.18 南皮
Nanpi灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 72.2 80.0 131.5 283.7 2.00a 4.01a 师栾02-1 SL02-1 72.2 80.0 160.3 312.5 1.77ab 3.54b 藁优2018 GY2018 72.2 80.0 161.6 313.8 1.40b 2.05c 平均Mean 303.3 1.72 3.20 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 72.2 0 179.5 251.7 0.98ab 师栾02-1 SL02-1 72.2 0 152.3 224.5 1.20a 藁优2018 GY2018 72.2 0 156.6 228.8 1.21a 平均Mean 235.0 1.13 南大港
Nandagang灌溉
Irrigation科农2009 KN2009 72.1 80.0 83.2 235.3 0.90a 0.64b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 72.1 80.0 97.0 249.1 1.13a 0.83b 藁优2018 GY2018 72.1 80.0 87.2 239.3 1.20a 1.58a 平均Mean 241.2 1.08 1.02 雨养
Rain-fed科农2009 KN2009 72.1 0 113.4 185.5 0.86b 师栾02-1 SL02-1 72.1 0 95.6 167.7 1.28a 藁优2018 GY2018 72.1 0 105.2 177.3 0.90b 平均Mean 176.8 1.01 同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一地点不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments at the same site (P < 0.05).
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表 5 气候、基因型、水分管理及其互作对冬小麦产量的影响
Table 5 Effects of climate, genotype, water management and their interaction on winter wheat yield
变异来源
Source of variation自由度
d.f.平方和
SS平方和占比
SS (%)均方
MSF值
F valueP值
P value气候Climate (C) 3 225 005.253 27.379 75 001.751 55.060 0.000 基因型Genotype (G) 2 11 335.897 1.379 5 667.949 4.161 0.022 水分Water management (W) 1 405 403.601 49.330 405 403.601 297.614 0.000 气候×基因型C × G 6 8 400.445 1.022 1 400.074 1.028 0.419 气候×水分管理C × W 3 92 799.209 11.292 30 933.070 22.709 0.000 基因型×水分管理G × W 2 743.634 0.090 371.817 0.273 0.762 气候×基因型×水分管理C × G × W 6 12 739.775 1.550 2 123.296 1.559 0.180 总和Total 72 821 812.311 P < 0.01代表极显著水平, P < 0.05代表显著水平。P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 represent extremely significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
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表 6 气候、基因型、水分及其互作对冬小麦水分利用效率(WUE)的影响
Table 6 Effects of climate, genotype, water management and their interaction on water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat
变异来源
Source of variation自由度
d.f.平方和
SS平方和占比
SS (%)均方
MSF值
F valueP值
P value气候Climate (C) 3 1.695 21.589 0.565 14.485 0.000 基因型Genotype (G) 2 0.351 4.470 0.175 4.496 0.016 水分Water management (W) 1 2.026 25.805 2.026 51.958 0.000 气候×基因型C × G 6 0.374 4.763 0.062 1.597 0.169 气候×水分管理C × W 3 0.708 9.017 0.236 6.051 0.001 基因型×水分管理G × W 2 0.246 3.133 0.123 3.154 0.052 气候×基因型×水分管理C × G× W 6 0.579 7.374 0.097 2.475 0.036 总和Total 72 7.851 P < 0.01代表极显著水平, P < 0.05代表显著水平。P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 represent extremely significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
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