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摘要: 为探究农田生态系统中不同种植模式下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）生长发育及产生孢子和球囊霉素状况，本试验设置两种结构的间作模式（6M6S：6行玉米与6行大豆间作；3M3S：3行玉米与3行大豆间作）以及单作玉米（CKM）和单作大豆（CKS）4个处理，分析不同种植模式对AMF生长时空变化的影响。结果表明：菌根侵染率、侵染密度和菌丝密度随着AMF与作物共生期延长逐渐增加，丛枝丰度呈现先增加后减少的趋势。两年试验中，玉米乳熟期（大豆鼓粒期），3M3S处理的菌根侵染率、侵染密度和丛枝丰度，土壤孢子密度、易提取球囊霉素含量和总球囊霉素含量均显著高于单作。在作物生育期内，AMF的孢子密度从269.40个·（100g）-1增加至1 484.20个·（100g）-1，易提取球囊霉素含量从430.88 μg·g-1增加至600.78 μg·g-1，总球囊霉素含量从942.59 μg·g-1增加至1 304.03 μg·g-1。玉米乳熟期，间作边行玉米的菌丝密度、孢子密度、易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素含量最高；大豆鼓粒期，间作边行大豆的菌丝密度和易提取球囊霉素含量最高，孢子密度最低。相关性分析表明，总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素与菌丝密度呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别达0.71和0.73；孢子密度和菌丝密度与侵染率呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别达0.72和0.75。因此，农田生境中AMF能与根系建立良好的共生关系，并随着季节变化和作物生长呈现周期性变化。间作促进了AMF的侵染，增加了球囊霉素和孢子的产量，间作处理中AMF与各行作物共生表现出边际效应。3M3S处理是最有利于AMF生长的种植模式。Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to investigate whether AMF growth and yield of spores and glomalin were influenced by planting patterns. Four systems consisting of 6 rows of maize intercropped with 6 rows of soybean (6M6S), 3 rows of maize intercropped with 3 rows of soybean (3M3S), sole maize crop (CKM), and sole soybean crop (CKS) were used to examine spatial and temporal dynamics of AMF. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization, colonization density, and hypha density increased gradually with the symbiotic period between AMF and crops; and mycorrhizal arbuscular richness at first showed an increase, then decreased. In the milking stage of maize (the filling stage of soybean), two-year results showed that mycorrhizal colonization, colonization density, arbuscular richness of mycorrhiza, soil spore density, and glomalin content of 3M3S were significantly higher than those of monoculture. With the growth of crops, the spore density of AMF increased from 269.40 spores·(100g)-1 to 1 484.20 spores·(100g)-1, the content of easily extractable glomalin increased from 430.88 μg·g-1 to 600.78 μg·g-1, and the content of total glomalin increased from 942.59 μg·g-1 to 1 304.03 μg·g-1. In the milking stage of maize, the border row of intercropped maize had the highest hypha density, spore density, easily extractable glomalin, and total glomalin. In the filling stage of soybean, the border row of intercropped soybean had the highest hypha density and easily extractable glomalin, and the lowest spore density. Correlation analysis indicated that contents of easily extractable glomalin and total glomalin were significantly positively correlated with hypha density, with coefficients up to 0.71 and 0.73, respectively. The spore density and hypha density were significantly positively correlated with colonization, with coefficients up to 0.72 and 0.75, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that AMF could establish a good symbiotic relationship with crops on agricultural land and showed periodical variation with both the change of seasons and the growth of crops. Intercropping promoted the colonization of AMF and increased the production of glomalin and spores, and the symbiosis between AMF and crops showed marginal effect. The 3M3S treatment was the most lucrative planting system for AMF.
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Keywords:
- Maize and soybean intercropping /
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi /
- Colonization /
- Glomalin /
- Spore
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图 1 不同处理玉米、大豆间作及单作种植和取样示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of intercropping and monoculture of maize and soybean and soil sampling positions
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图 2 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的AMF侵染状况
Figure 2. Colonization rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 3 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的AMF菌根丛枝丰度
Figure 3. Richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 4 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的AMF侵染密度
Figure 4. Colonization density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 5 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的AMF菌丝密度
Figure 5. Hypha density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 6 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统中AMF菌丝密度的时空变化
Figure 6. Tempo-spatial dynamics of hypha density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 7 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的AMF孢子密度
Figure 7. Spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 8 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统AMF孢子密度的时空变化
Figure 8. Tempo-spatial dynamics of spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 9 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的土壤易提取球囊霉素含量
Figure 9. Easily extractable glomalin content of soil of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 10 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统土壤易提取球囊霉素含量的时空变化
Figure 10. Tempo-spatial dynamics of easily extractable glomalin content of soil of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 11 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统的土壤总球囊霉素含量
Figure 11. Total glomalin content of soil of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
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图 12 2017年和2018年玉米||大豆间作系统中土壤总球囊霉素含量的时空变化
Figure 12. Tempo-spatial dynamics of total glomalin content of soil of maize and soybean intercropping system in 2017 and 2018
表 1 AMF生长与球囊霉素的相关性分析
Table 1 Correlation analysis between AMF growth and yield of spore and glomalin
侵染率
Colonization rate侵染密度
Colonization density丛枝丰度
Arbuscular richness菌丝密度
Hypha density菌丝密度 Hypha density 0.71** 0.73** 0.69** 1.00 孢子密度 Spore density 0.56* 0.53* 0.38 0.63* 易提取球囊霉素 Easily extractable glomalin 0.66* 0.60* 0.65* 0.74** 总球囊霉素 Total glomalin 0.64* 0.60* 0.72** 0.75** 表中数据为相关系数, *和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。Data in the table is correlation coefficient. * and ** mean signficant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. 
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