Land space ecological restoration zoning based on ecosystem service supply and demand and ecological resilience: a case study in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

It is important to explore the coupling relationship between the supply and demand characteristics of ecosystem services and the attributes of ecological resilience, and to scientifically delineate the ecological restoration zones in the national land space for ecological security and regional sustainable development. This study took districts and counties of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei as the study unit. Based on multi-source data, the food production model, InVEST model, CSLE model, and other methods were used to measure the supply and demand of five ecosystem services, including food supply, water yield, carbon storage, soil conservation, and recreation supply. An ecological resilience evaluation index system was constructed to measure the ecological resilience of counties (districts). Based on the ecosystem service supply and demand as well as ecological resilience, the ecological restoration zones were delineated, and the corresponding optimization strategies were proposed according to the natural and socio-economic status and development characteristics within the zones. The results showed that: 1) the high-value areas of the ecosystem service supply in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were mainly distributed in the northern part of Chengde City, Qinhuangdao City, and Tangshan City, and scattered in the central counties (districts) of the region. The high-value areas of ecosystem service demand were mainly concentrated in the well-developed cities in the central and southeastern Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, whereas the demand for ecosystem services in the mountainous areas and plateaus in the northern Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was low. The supply and demand of ecosystem services in the study area were spatially negatively correlated. 2) The ecological resilience of each district and county had noticeable regional differences, and the high-value areas were mainly concentrated in the northeast of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 3) There was no high surplus area in the comprehensive supply and demand of ecosystem services in the study area. The deficit area accounted for 42.26% of the total area, mainly resulting from the decline in system function caused by urban and industrial development, and the demand for ecological services was challenging to meet. 4) Based on the matching characteristics of the supply and demand of ecosystem services and the spatial distribution pattern of ecological resilience, the study area was divided into high supply-high demand-high resilience (13.68%), low supply-high demand-low resilience (0.51%), low supply-high demand-high resilience (10.54%), low supply-low demand-low resilience (12.07%), low supply-low demand-high resilience (20.22%), and high supply-low demand-high resilience (42.98%) areas. At the same time, different ecological restoration strategies were proposed for different areas. This study provides guidance for the systematic layout of ecological restoration projects and a methodological reference for the scientific preparation of comprehensive land space consolidation plans.